The Best and Worst College Degrees Essay -- Education College Career E

The Best and Worst College DegreesAbstractIn todays society everyone thinks they need to go to college, and everyplace 80% of kids out of high school ar. Out of all these kids going to Universities, the majority dont even crawl in what they want to be the persist of their lives once they get to college. Common sense would tell us that people would go into the field that paid them the most money, this is not always true. So what are the most hot fields to go into when getting out of high School? We did a little research and some comparative analysis, and this is what we came up with. technology Research shows that the third most popular degree in demand is engineering. This pertains to the three major types of engineering. Whether it is mechanical, electrical, chemical Engineering, to achieve a Bachelors degree in any field of Engineering, the basic core classes consist of, mathematics, sciences, biology, chemistry, and/or physics. The number one reason people are obtaining eng ineering degrees, is for the cold hard cash. Engineers are be among some of the highest paying workers in the job force. One starting out in electrical engineering can plan on receiving over $50,000 the depression year on the job, with a 2.9% increase after that. Engineers do many diverse jobs, such as architectural work, designing new medical equipment, and examen and fixing all sorts of electrical circuit. Business Although business isnt the highest paying profession, it still ranks second, when looking to a nation wide survey, on the most popular degrees. A business degree is one of the broader more generalizes degrees that encompass many different courses from all aspects of the University. The main reason for getting an bachelors in busi... ... qualified. Your job is to know when this is happening. The bottom line is no matter what degree you pursue, or what job field youre going for, make sure that you enjoy the work. Works Cited Gloecker, Geoff. (2007). The study Attrac tions Of A Business Minor Business Week Online. p1-11. Retrieved March 22, 2007. Health study are Top Choice(1997). Techniques Making Education & Career Connections Oct. 1997, Vol. 72 Issue 7, p6. Retrieved April 1, 2007. Job Outlook Strong For 2007 ME Grads(2007). ASHRAE Journal Feb 2007, Vol. 49 Issue 2, p6-7. Retrieved March 22, 2007. Smith, Brendan.(2005). The Buzz Careers and Colleges. Vol. 26 Issue 1, p2-48, Retrieved March 28, 2007. The Top 100 Employers and the Majors in Demand for the Class Of 2004(2004). Black Collegian Feb 2004, Vol. 34 Issue 2, p12-26. Retrieved April 1, 2007.

Small Business Management: Childs Pay :: essays research papers

This article was about owners of small businesses and how they compensate their children who are also involved in the family business. This article contained world-shaking points. Three significant points that this article made were about over compensating, market footstep, and what is expected of the children to run the family business.Over compensating may and may not be a good thing. It may be good in helping an entrepreneur improve their business because the child might think that since they are getting gainful more(prenominal), that more is expected of them. If they follow that rule the child will help out and receipts the business by going ahead and doing extra dependable things or but going the extra mile. The downside however is that the child will do the complete opposite and not benefit the business at all. food market rare is also good in helping an entrepreneur improve their business because it can help prevent the loss or wasting of money. I think a child might b enefit from market rate in a sense that they do not expect things to be just handed to them and that is a good quality to have. It can make them appreciate the value of a dollar and maybe even appreciate their job a little more. You can always give them incentives and extra gifts to add a little more to their pay as well and to make market rate not so bad for them.Lastly, what is expected of the child will help an entrepreneur improve their business because it will make their business run more smoothly and successfully. Having your child go to college, meet special qualifications or just do other things to learn more about the business will benefit the business, I think in a great deal.

Usefullness of Mathematics in Everyday Life Essay -- Math Mathematics

Usefullness of Mathematics in Everyday LifeG H inflexible once said that Very little of mathematicsematics is useful practic every(prenominal)y, and that little is comparatively dull. This statement is blatantly incorrect. Mathematics appears in virtuall(a)y all fields in some degree or another, and it is the only truly universal language. Even fields considered the opposite of mathematics, such as literature, are make full with different forms of math. Music is based very heavily on numbers, and even religions hold different numbers as sacred. Of course one could say that all these examples are merely basic arithmetic. What about higher(prenominal) mathematics? Can we really use algebra, probability, calculus or any other higher form of math in todays society? The answer to that question is a resounding Yes Even higher mathematics has been and is still used in all sorts of fields, and it is the objective of this paper to show just a few ways in which higher math has been applied to life.First of all, no discussion about the uses of higher mathematics in the real world would be complete without mentioning something that happened over sixty years ago. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany in response to their invasion of Poland. To combat their new enemies, Germany quickly sent a land army to overrun France, and then prepared to take on England. Hitlers externalize to defeat this small island was to stop all resources from getting through to them, effectively starving them into surrender. The Nazi army had a very effective weapon with which they could challenge the British supremacy of the waves, the U-boat. The German submarines wreaked havoc on the British supply routes, and Churchill knew that if a way couldnt be found to stop the German s... ...they owe the government and how to pay the least. Nearly all people on earth are affected by math everyday. Without mathematics, it is very possible that the Allies would have wooll y WW2 and wed all be speaking German right now. Countless buisnesses would be alterred or totally gone if mathematics was not around. A world without math would certainly be a very different world to live in.Works Cited1 Davis, Donald M. The nature and power of mathematics. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, c.1993. 2 Prabhu, N. U. Stochastic storage processes queues, insurance risk, dams, and data communication. wise York Springer, c.1998. 3 Stewart, James. Calculus Early Trancendentals. Thomson Learning. Stanford, CT. 2001.4 PBS Online c.1996-2001 WGBH Educational Foundation. Update Nov. 2000. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ <October 11, 2001

Drought Essays -- Environment, Agricultural Field

IntroductionDrought is the most significant factor restricting plant production on legal age of agricultural field of the world (Tas&Tas, 2007). During drought nidus, improper adjustment of photosystem II and thermodynamic damages disrupt the flow of electrons and lead to production of free radicals. aerobic damages results from incomplete detoxification of reactive atomic number 8 species. Damages caused by oxidative stress includes inactivation of enzymes, lipid per oxidisation, protein degradation and destruction of DNA strands, reduction in chlorophyll content and pigments color (Friso et al., 2004, Gechev et al., 2006 Baruah et al., 2009). Detoxification of reactive oxygen species in plants, includes enzymatic mechanisms (such as su peroxide dismutase (SOD), catalse (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POX), glutathione reductase (GR) and mono dehydro ascorbate reductase (MDAR) as well as non-enzymatic mechanisms (such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoid s and ascorbic acid, AA) (Friso et al., 2004, Ramachandra Reddi et al., 2004). In enzymatic antioxidant systems, catalase (EC1.11.1.6) is an oxidoreductase located in peroxysomes and considered as an important enzyme to counter hydrogen peroxide produced in stress conditions so that at drought stress conditions unused isomorphs of it are released and the rate of former isomorphs increases (Srivalli et al, 2003 and Khana-chopra and Selote, 2007). Peroxidase )EC1.11.1.6( as another enzymatic antioxidant systems, is an oxidoreductase that has one homogeneous b as a prostatic group and catalysis oxidation of the proton giver compounds with H2O2 and consequently cause H2O2 to breakdown (Jiang and Zhang, 2004). In most studies under drought condition increase in ... ...ion of hydrogen superoxide hydrogen and peroxide occurs and causes disruptions in activity of some scavenger enzymes of reactive oxygen species like catalase in drought stress. This issue leads to increase of lipid s peroxidation and finally damages chlorophyll and cubicle membrane. The plant to alleviate the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by drought stress increases the activity of some involved enzymes in removing reactive oxygen species, like peroxidase, by stimulation of gene expression. This condition can be seen more in resistant lines. The stress-resistant lines having these traits reduce damaging effects of oxidative stress through degradation and inactivation of reactive oxygen species and because of more stability of cell membrane and chlorophyll under these conditions, access to high yield is apparent due to sustaining photosynthetic capacity.

Ann Petry’s Short Story Like a Winding Sheet Essay -- Ann Petry Windin

Ann Petrys Short Story Like a Winding SheetIn Ann Petrys 1945 short story Like a Winding Sheet,. Johnson is a black male struggling with racism and societal pressures. Johnson faces many challenges. As one reads, one cannot help but feel his anger, defeat and tenseness. Petry tells it in the following way, "The knowledge that he had struck her seeped through him slowly and he was appalled but he couldnt drag his hands past from her face." Petry goes on further to tell us, "He had lost all control over his hands." This rage Johnson is experiencing is described as a "winding sheet". Johnsons everyday routine causes anger and frustration to build up inside him. Get up, go to subject area and come home get up, go to work and come home. The routines...

Ann Petry’s Short Story Like a Winding Sheet Essay -- Ann Petry Windin

Ann Petrys Short Story Like a Winding SheetIn Ann Petrys 1945 short bosh Like a Winding Sheet,. Johnson is a black male struggling with racism and societal pressures. Johnson faces many challenges. As one reads, one cannot help tho feel his anger, frustration and tenseness. Petry tells it in the following way, "The knowledge that he had struck her seeped through him slowly and he was appalled but he couldnt build up behind his hands away from her face." Petry goes on further to tell us, "He had lost all control over his hands." This rage Johnson is experiencing is described as a " voluminous sheet". Johnsons everyday routine causes anger and frustration to build up inside him. Get up, go to work and come home get up, go to work and come home. The routines...

My sop to nyu review

I am confident that combination of business and legal studies would enable me to show ruff of my intellectual capacity and prosper in competitive commercial market. I have stayed among top student in class during my five years of law study from an institution where mode of academic instruction was only in English. My active participation In debate, mock trials and community service had earned me many ward to which a honor given by planetary court of Justice Judge hold an exceptional value as I was non only chosen among 120 best legal scholars In world but only Indian to receive that as of now.My association with Mr. Wang during internship made me check off role of outside(a) arbitration in rsolving disputes where parties belonging to different legal system are involved with common interest. I was fortunate to submit my inputs to scrap problem like smuggling across international border. currently I am in final ear of competing my masters in international in past . relation alt hough I have completed my diploma in business management.The professional experience which I stooled while working in an international law firm had developed my base toward application of law In regard to international business among two natlon. The more I experience, the more I felt that my tralnlng In India falls short of what I needed to effectively deal with my International counterpart In course of my practice . My vision lies to gain Insight Into legal structure of U S A. hich us biggest contrary investor of my country. Which is world fastest developing economy.A exposure to study LLM at NYU in international business regulation, arbitration and litigation will help me to analyze procedural law on international business and likely influence policymakers in its conduce indirect benefit to my country in term of business opportunity and competitiveness by issuing measures to bring more foreign investment, cautious hail toward intellectual properly right,peacefull ettlement of international dispute through arbitration on faster node as I want to serve as foreign legal consultant for my country after doing LLM from USA.

Analysis of the Poem “Bushed” Essay

The speakers jaunt throughout the poem is a transformation of his identity from the influence of the hostel to the dictation of his own self. The speaker tried to escape from the sincereity of his belief and identity. In the beginning of the poem, the speaker already established his purpose to hide from the echt world and obtain the illusion of aloneness. Yet he built a shack on the shore / learned to roast porcupines belly and / wore the quills on his hatband (Birney 4-6). He started building his flavour away from the world of injustice and pain.He tried to wake up with a feeling of contentment to make his life happy and ease the misery. The speaker mourns into his surroundings a depiction of pain and suffering. The character of the poem is full of anxiety within his self. He bushed because he wants to disregard the things around him, his feeling of difficulty. By way of controlling the feeling of anguish, the speaker went to the wilderness and obtains all the emotions throug h the moon, mountain, and wind to be able to liberation what is hiding inside him the dictation of his emotions to let go of the pain and move on once again.The poem is an irony of the reality. The author discusses the speakers journey and tiredness. As the speaker describes what he has gone through, he also discusses shows his life in the wasteland. The author attempts to make his poem a realization of contentment and real happiness in a world of simplicity. Birney did not create any concept of worldly being to make his character ease the burden and repair himself through the help of nature. Work Cited Birney, Earle. Bushed.

War Powers Resolution Act

Olivia Brasacchio U. S. History Block 4 05/08/12 A resolution to avoid an sinfulness is seldom framed till the evil is so far advanced as to make avoidance im doable Thomas Hardy. The purpose of the War Powers dissolving agent act of 197 3 was to ensure that both Congress and the President share in making decisions that could potentially get the U. S. involved in hostilities or follow danger. U. S. Presidents have consistently agreed that the War Powers Resolution Act is an unconstitutional violation of the higher powers of the executive branch.As a result, the Resolution has been the subject of controversy since its formula in November of 1973, and is a recurring issue due to the on red commitment of U. S. build up forces globally. Furthermore, when a U. S. president has failed to secure a congressional contract bridge of war, this is technically considered an illegal war from a governmental standpoint. When the American people support such war, no matter how just and right th ey believe it is, they are going against not only their owl principals and moral values but their defying the system of government and laws in which the U. S. as been brought up on, better however their defying the constitution overall. The only way to properly justify this is through the War Powers Resolution itself. Section 4 of the resolution-article (a) subsection (3) states that in the absence of a declaration of war, in any case in which get together States Armed Forces are introduced. in numbers which substantially enlarge United States Armed Forces equipped for engagement already located in a foreign nation the president shall submit within 48 hours to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate a report, in writing, setting forth. A) The circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces (B) the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place and (b) The President sha ll put up such other information as the Congress may request in the fulfillment of its constitutional responsibilities with respect to committing the Nation to war and to the use of United States Armed Forces abroad.This only occurs if the president deems action necessary which was the purpose of the Golf of Tonkin resolution as well. However, if the president is the commander and chief of the army-then this essentially restricting his powers further-if he must have congress watching over him and approving his every request-which has said to take a fare amount of clipping, resulting in a possible loss for the U. S. on an important issue or multitude commitments to other countries.Moreover, this has played out in recent events from 1993 to 1999, when President Clinton utilized United States armed forces in multiple operations, such as air strikes and the deployment of peacekeeping forces, in Yugoslavia. These operations were identical to the United Nations Security Council resolut ions and were conducted in correlation with other members of NATO. During this time President Clinton submitted multiple reports to Congress consistent with the War Powers Resolution Act and regulations regarding the involvement of U.S. forces. However, he never cited section 4(a) (1), which did not trigger the start of the 60 day time limit that should have occurred. Tom Campbell-member of the House of Representatives filed suit in the United States Federal District court of Colombia, against President Kennedy on allegations that he had violated the War Powers Resolution now that the 60 days had elapsed since the start of military operations in Kosovo. President Kennedy stated that he considered this constitutionally defective.In the end the court ruled in favor of the president, saying that members lacked legal standing and evidence to make their case fully plausible. The U. S. Supreme Court then refused to hear an appeal once this decision was made. This one of many examples in U. S. history where the presidents power to engage in military conflict has been questioned and proved unconstitutional regarding problems with War Powers Resolution act.

The Co-Operative Bank IMC

Executive Summary The Co-operative Bank Is radical Sealants only bank that Is possess by its customers. Formerly exactly a Building Society, the bank Is now looking to grow its customer root word as a fully registered bank through a diverseness of avenues Including appealing to the ordinal student market. This report focuses on the Integrated merchandise parleys needed for accurately targeting the ordinal market. Firstly, It outlines a situation analysis including a PEST analysis, a competitor analysis, and the target market and the positioning of the Co-operative Bank with regards to its competitors.The communication strategy looks closely into the banks current communications expandings. This analysis focuses on how the companies content combines with its with the imagery used in its advertising. The media strategy outlines how the company has used aw beness, universal and emotion strategies in its communications to target the tertiary market. Objectives are then adumbra te to provide scope for the banks future MIMIC activities. Finally, the report provides recommendations (Including personal selling, promotion and public relations) and improvements to help the bank reach Its objectives In the adjacent 12 months.As engineering science is always changing it is important that banks are continuing to update and need changes to their digital platforms to continue to be competitive in the market. 1. 2. 4 Environment -Environmental factors do not go for a massive impact over the Co-operative bank forever climate change have some effect on the victor of novel Zealand businesses abilities to save and service loans. Particularly as youthful Zealand is an agricultural based society and climate change disrupts farming processes. 2 Competitor epitome In the tertiary banking sector there are 5 main players that the Bank must compete with.Each has their own drawer however the reality is the base package each bank passings is very similar and in damage of costs, the banks offer students freehanded or relatively free banking guess Appendix 1. On top of this each bank differentiates itself by offering extra services that are enticing to the student lifestyle. 2. 1 ASP ASP, as well as a relatively free base package, offers students free fries at McDonalds every time they use their card. This gimmick is attr busy to students as it means offer students a large overdraft and a txt when funds are running imprint. 2. ANZA Ann.s tertiary package is perhaps the least gimmicky of the big banks. They offer accessible branches and Tams on campus as they are aware a student is often time poor. 2. 3 BENZ Bans Younger is known to be extremely innovative and in tune with a tertiary audiences preference for good, simple web design. Their point of difference is an industry leading web application that makes handling finances, something that student have great difficultness doing, every simple. 2. 4 Westward Wastepapers Student Pace, historically, has used gimmicks such(prenominal) as a free $25 upon sign up and a free pizza to engage the tertiary audience to bank with them.In the long term they also offer a save and win scheme that entices students to bank with them to win property on the money they choose to save. 2. 5 Kickback Kickback has perhaps the most comprehensive banking package. Their extra services include software to help manage your money, no instruction currency conversion, free use of ANZA Tams on campus and free txt banking. This shows they are very much in tune with the requirements of creation a student in New Zealand which supports Kickbacks main draw card of the bank universe a New Zealand owned bank. 2. Co-operative Bank The Co-operative Banks student package is by contrast the least comprehensive. They offer a top interest rate of 5% however their main drawer, even for students, is still the fact that they are not Just New Zealand owned like Kickback but owned by the New Slanderer that bank with th em. Growth and Maturity of the Industry New Zealand banks have enjoyed strong growth in lending since the 2008 global downturn. Profits however, are down due to increasing regulatory pressures and strong competition in the lending market (KEMP, 2013). Operational tax income and Profitability At the end of 2013 financial year, the bank recorded profits before rebate at $mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). $1 m of this was distributed to customers. As at 31st December 2013 operating revenue reached $4. Mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 5 Strategic Goals The Co-operative Bank has an overall strategic focus on achieving long-term refillable growth, based on co-operative principles (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 6 Target Marketing The Co-operative Bank targets those in the tertiary segment who are motivate by good values.These students, generally 18-25, pull up stakes be those who are wary of the other big banks and the values they stand for. They pass on consist of students who are sup ra the other banks gimmicks and would rather see their money get some goodness rather than get free fries, for example, from a controversial multinational. They will have a solid student lifestyle with a low income, low outgoings and will nearly not have any dependents. 7 Market Positioning competitors try to outdo each other with clever trade and competitive rates they are, compared to other industries, barely distinguishable from each other.As shown in Figure 1, the Co-operative Bank occupies a position that is relatively separated from its competitors in terms of perceived cost and on a values based analysis. Figure 1 Positioning of New Zealand Banks This position clearly demonstrates to their target audience that they are set apart from their competitors as an alternative to banking in system where banks are compulsive y profits for their (often overseas) investors rather than by the values of and profits for their New Zealand owners/customers.Section 2 8 Communication dodg ing Since the banks rebind in 2012 the bank has focused its communications on improving low awareness. It is spearheaded by the nub driven by your prosperity, not our profit this focus will help the bank achieve its goal to double its customers at bottom 5 years (Stoppers, 2014). The key message the bank wants to convey to its target audience is that it is a values-driven bank that plays fair in a banking landscape that is thought of as the opposite.They use a cross off image strategy to convey that although they are able to take calculated risks for the benefit of their customer-owners, they want their audience to know they want their activities to be transparent and above the line. The main figure used by the bank is the infinity sign that consists of the 2 gs in Co-operative Bank, known as the prosperity loop- See figure 2. The loop is conveniently extracted from the banks name and symbolizes its goal of creating prosperity, not profit, between the bank and its customer-owner s with the benefits flowing between the two entities.This symbol associates potential customers with the deformity and its objectives of being about mutual benefit and true sustainability. (The Co-operative Bank, 2014, p. 2) Figure 2- The Prosperity Loop The loop is replicated though all forms of media advertising further insisting to its customers an ongoing backbone of mutuality and support. In print media, the loop headline type treatment overlays both the heads of customers or their children and links them to the banks message, connecting a potential customers emotion to the advertisement.The loop could so be seen to symbolism a thought bubble, further personifying the banks message. See figure 3 Figure 3- Print Advertisement This advertisement takes queues from thought leadership marketing as it shows a young, seemingly wealthy man thinking positively about the banks differentiation strategy. As this man represents a lifestyle students aspire to enroll in and the target mar ket can now link him to the Co-operative bank. In theory, students will be more likely to think positively about, and possibly sexual union the bank.This links back to the banks goal of doubling its customer base in five years and helps the bank on their way to achieve it. Another brand association used is the companies color palette. The palette is distinctively fresh and focuses on a bright kB color see figure 4. This associates the brand with being fresh and distinctive as well as with growth. Natural context. This is important to the brands image as it reflects on New Slanderer emotions as a clean, green nation and whitethorn help the target market to associate with the bank as an extension of their patriotism.Also the ruffle of the color green as a symbol of natural growth and money is a reflection of the banks views on sustainable banking. Further, it associates this idea to the Co-operative Banks brand ND reinforces to tertiary students that their principles will bring gr owth to their money in a sustainable way. This is particularly relevant to the target market who currently have low incomes but potential to growth their worth in the contiguous few years. For them it means the bank is on their side and wants to work with them to grow their money in a sustainable way.Figure 4- Color Palette 9 Media Strategy and Appropriation The company, carrying out its awareness strategy for growth, used a broad mix of media mediums including a focus on print but also consisting of a television spot, audio advertising, and limited social media (Backbone, Linked in and Youth) to target a wide range of possible customers (Stoppers, 2014). The campaign is centered on presenting the banks differentiation from other banks as a New Zealand owned bank and the fact it is 100% owned by its customers.Although there was no media directly targeting tertiary students, the Co-operative Banks mix of mediums will have some effect on this target market. Using a universal strategy , as in this case, the bank reaches a large follow of potential customers. It also provides the bank with economies of scale of measurement. As a small bank, although not ideal, this strategy is relatively appropriate as, there is limited budget for large scale advertising. The bank has opted to pull resources together rather than loose budget to smaller and perhaps less successful strategies.This is at the cost of targeting specific demographics, such as the tertiary target market, with media strategies tailored to their particular motivations but allows the bank to target all New Slanderer who feel strongly about banking with a New Zealand bank that shares profits with its customers. The content of the advertising draws on emotional strategy and uses a lot of patriotic imagery ouch as beach scenes, trout fishing, and office and coffeehouse culture.These are scenes of New Zealand culture that rouse patriotism in most New Slanderer and this helps the bank not only reach people wh o will be interested in how the bank functions due to their patriotism but inform others of the benefits of Joining the bank. This is appropriate for the bank as it is harnessing current events (such as the course of study action against fees and the 2008 global downturn that have caused a cultural shift in New Zealand society in that people are more incredulous of banks) and building on the emotions they feel .It is therefore prudent for the bank to target the majority of society as the majority of society will be motivated by this emotion to Join the bank. 10 Objectives 1. Increase top-of-mind awareness level of the Co-operative bank within the tertiary market by 50% within the next 12 months 2. Increase knowledge within the tertiary market about the benefit of owning the bank they are banking with by 50% within the Bank within the next 12 months. 1 Improvements The weakness of the Banks current MIMIC plan lies in the fact that it has not tailored the plan to target specific gro ups such as the tertiary market. This suggests that the relationship between The Co-operative Bank and its tertiary customers is not as connected as it could be. To improve this, the bank does not necessarily have to change its message because as outlined prior, the patriotic and anti-status quo message used by its current offering will appeal to this market and also make the most of the banks industry-relative limited budget.The bank instead should work on making these messages more accessible to the tertiary market in order to improve the communication lines of the banks already strong message. Relationship Reach Include tertiary market specific imagery in print advertising There is a overleap of tertiary specific imagery used by creative in the print media. There are a variety of children and young professionals and although some students may see these people as aspirations, they may also feel excluded and therefore disconnected from the banks message as the images are unrepeata ble to them at their current age.Create an active twitter account that backs up the banks brand image but also feels like it is maintained by a tertiary student. It will post disruption banking news and intelligently debate key players in the banking industry. Create a presence on campus by locating brochures at campus student finance offices book brochures available that provides step by step financial planning for students that is branded with Co-operative bank. The brochures will also provide information about the Co- operatives services.The content will be so effective that campus financial planners will recommend them to students. This will increase students knowledge about the bank. Change billboards near tertiary institutions to have very tertiary student age appropriate creative. Add a scene to the television spot that is directly relatable to by majority of tertiary students. The advert currently has scenes that will appeal to only a select part of the target market I. E office employees and trout fishers.Adding a tertiary related scene with strong tertiary markers will strengthen the banks relationship with students as they will feel included in their advertising. Promote banks message at campus fairs. Sponsor tertiary events 12 promotional Mix Recommendations 12. 1 Public Relations and its friendship based values. Tertiary students will be selected to spend a day in the life of community organizations with a particular emphasis on organizations that purport the interests of tertiary aged students such as canteen and be followed by a documentary team..The solution will be a documentary series posted on Community Loops Youth. These videos will expect to be picked up by local media and be interesting enough for students to want to share on Youth. 12. 2 Personal Selling At campus events, the bank would loan its employees to event to handle the financial opinion of the event and at the like time inform students of the banks offerings- supporting an d promoting the banks message that it works within the community in a positive way.For example, at the nun Games, Co-operative Bank employees in community loop uniform will handle ticket processing at the gate and have the community loop marquee providing shelter for students. Employees will hold conversations with students about the banks offerings and message. Such a presence evokes brand awareness within in the student community and at the same time, shows off the banks tertiary product. 12. 3 Sales Promotion The bank stands out among other banks as it does not offer students gimmicky promotions with its package See appendix 1 .There is an opportunity here for the Ann. To offer a promotion to students that does not seem as lightweight and also gain attention of the students who are likely to flip over to the bank because of its message. The promotion will support the banks community centered message and feature a system wherein if you sign up you get a free stationary pack (bi o-degradable and from sustainable sources) and a child from a low decide school in the local area also gets a pack.The stationary will feature the banks Community Loop logo. 13 Budget 13. 1 Objective-and-Task Method The bank would use an objective and task method to specify the theatrical role advertising will lay for the Co-operative brand and, the budget has been set accordingly. This method has been chosen as it allows the bank to focus on the objectives based on the necessitate of the bank and therefore reinforce the banks strategy rather than the needs of other factors such as what competitors are doing or how much they can afford.

Crane Hand Signals Speech Outline

Speaking Outline Topic stretch out hand signals for directing crane movement and common rigging procedures apply with cranes on construction sites. Specific PurposeTo inform my audience of the need for crane hand signals and rigging procedures in order to safely operate a crane. ThesisEveryone on site somewhat the crane should know proper hand signals and rigging procedures to maintain a safe construction site. Introduction 1. Cranes dangerous, Kent County incarcerate 2. Save a life? 3. OSHA Training (America, 1992) Transition Who needs to communicate with a crane operator? And how do they do it? Body 1. Rigger, Hand Signals Transition What atomic number 18 the hand signals? Are they complicated? 2. Show rigger bring ball to load (SS Crane & Rigging, 2012) . TransitionHow does he attach the load? 3. Show ginger nut and types of cinches. (America, 1992) . 4. Adjust cinch and show spreader bar (America, 1992) 5. Direct crane to operator (SS Crane & Rigging, 2012) 6. Place t he load and direct back to rigger (BrassMeIn. com, 2012) Transition These are the most common signals used there is no way I could show you every signal there is. Conclusion 1. Everyone on site around the crane should know these proper hand signals and rigging procedures to maintain a safe construction site. 2. The rigger should safely direct the operator to his load and wherefore cinch it up. 3. A load should always be tested at a very low height before being transported. 4. The rigger wherefore directs the operator to the laborer. 5. After the load is securely in place, the laborer directs the operator back to the rigger, and starts the process all over again. . Questions? Works Cited America, T. A. (Director). (1992). Controlling The Load Crane Rigging Safety Motion Picture. BrassMeIn. com. (2012). Standard Hand Signals for Crane Operation. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from BrassMeIn. com http//brassmein. com/tech/signals/hand. htm SS Crane & Rigging. (2012). Crane Hand Signal s Directing Crane Movement. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from SS Crane & Rigging http//www. sscrane. com/crane-hand-signals-directing-crane-movements/

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Please answer the following questions.1. What does the acronym DAP in the field of early on childhood education stand for? In one sentence, explain what the phrase inwardness to you when you spell it out. (4 points)DAP Development anyy appropriate commitDAP refers to a framework designed to encourage young childrens optimal information and increment. Ensures that childrens goals and experiences argon suited to their learning and development and challenging enough to promote their progress and interest. Bestpracticeisbasedonknowledge and notonassumptions ofhowchildrenlearnand develop. DAP is the best practice to promote excellence in early childhood education.2. What three aras of knowledge must all early childhood professionals consider in relation to DAP? (These are outlined under the first DAP core Knowledge to consider in making decisions.) (6 points= 2 points all(prenominal))Below three areas of knowledge that must be considered by all early childhood professionals should consider in relation to DAP a. Knowing near child development and learning.Knowing what is typical at each age and stage of early development is crucial. This knowledge, based on research, helps us decide which experiences are best for childrens learning and development. b. Knowing what is individually appropriate.What we learn about specific children helps us teach and care for each child as an individual. By continually observing childrens play and interaction with the physical environment and others, we learn about each childs interests, abilities, and developmental progress. c. Knowing what is culturally important.We must make an effort to get to know the childrens families and learn aboutthe values, expectations, and factors that influence their lives at home and in their communities. This background information helps us provide meaningful, relevant, and respectful learning experiences for each child and family.3. Describe an example of what a DAP occupation or interaction looks like with children. (5 points)I quoted an example of education a Preschooler an example of DAP activity with Children Good preschool teachers maintain appropriate expectations, providing each child with the skillful mix of challenge, support, sensitivity, and stimulation. With their knowledge, skill, and training, teachers can ensure that programs promote and enhance every childs learning. DAP in preschool looks likeIn the dramatic play center, two 4-year-old girls are pretending to read menus. Jaimi, noticing that neither girl has taken on the role of waiter, takes notepad and pencil in hand and asks them, May I take your order? everyplace the next few days, more children join the restaurant play. Waiters set tables, take orders, give orders to the cook, and prepare checks for diners. Jaimi is an observant, inventive, and intentional teacher. Her intervention sparks fresh play, tempting children to take on different roles, enrich their social and language interactions, and drill writing and math for new purposes.4. List the five guidelines of DAP and explain what each one means in your own words. (10 points= 2 points each)These guidelines address five key aspects of the teachers roleI. Creating a caring confederacy of learnersThe early childhood setting functions as a community of learners in which all participants consider and contribute to each others well-being and learning.Social relationships are an important context for learning. Each child has strengths or interests that contribute to the overall procedure of thegroup. When children have opportunities to play together, work on projects in small groups, and talk with other children and adults, their own development and learning are enhancedII.Teaching to enhance development and learningTeachers use their knowledge about children in general and the particular children in the group as well as their familiarity with what children need to learn and develop in each curriculum area to organize th e environment and plan curriculum and teaching strategies.Teachers develop, refine, and use a wide repertoire of teaching strategies to enhance childrens learning and development.III.Planning curriculum to achieve important goalsEffective curriculum plans frequently integrate across traditional subject-matter divisions to help children make meaningful connections and provide opportunities for rich conceptual development. Curriculum promotes the development of knowledge and understanding, processes and skills, as well as the dispositions to use and apply skills and to go on learning.IV.Assessing childrens development and learningAssessments are tailored to a specific purpose and apply only for the purpose for which they have been demonstrated to produce reliable, valid information.Assessment of young childrens progress and achievements is ongoing, strategic, and purposeful. The results of assessment are used to benefit children in adapting curriculum and teaching to meet the develop mental and learning needs of childrenV.Establishing reciprocal relationships with familiesReciprocal relationships between teachers and families require mutual respect, cooperation, shared responsibility, and negotiation of conflicts toward achievement of shared goals.Parents are welcome in the program and participate in decisions about their childrens care and education. Parents observe and participate and serve in decision making roles in the program.

Literature Review on Business Ethics Essay

AbstractA review of the current literature regarding line of wrinkle moral philosophy was conducted analyzing scholarly peer-reviewed articles about line of credit moral philosophy and their relation to lead, managerial termination reservation, bodied mixer responsibility and over tout ensemble incarnate grammatical construction. Increased incorporated s buttdals and the discovery of a rise in un good crinkle coifs set out thr knowledge the topic of stock morals into the spot silly. nerves be be ard by their stakeholders to implement plastered morals at heart their corporate structure and finishing. This expectation could be accomplished through strong respectable confidential information, formal structures and regulations that place emphasis on respectable motive, and by making a commitment to corporate social responsibility. Using these guidelines leave al genius help shapings overcome the diverse challenges allowing the business to build a strong honorable cornerstone that ordain ultimately good the company through increased customer and employee satisfaction, which could essence in increased profits, organisational sustainability and social status.The review of the literature reveals that there is still plenty of elbow room for exploration on the topic of business morality and particularly with the topic of honourable leading. It is recommended that more(prenominal) focus be placed on en trusteding the charm of strong ethical leadinghip at bottom an governing and how this influence flows down the organisational structure. Once this flow of influence is understood, exploration is necessary to identify the ruff procedures for developing and sustaining strong prestigious lead morals inwardly the ecesisal structure. organizational Design & Business ethics A Literature Review portray1) Title Page2) Abstract3) Introductiona) Introduction to business ethics and why it is important in current literature. b) Themes present in literature (Thesis) interpretation of ethicsEthical leadershipFormal structures and regulationsBenefits of business ethics4) Overview of Business ethicsa) Definition of moral philosophyb) Types of Ethicsi) Individualisticii) bodied/Business Ethicsc) Managerial Ethicsi) Relationship Between Laws and Ethical Standardsii) Ethical Decision Makingd) Corporate Social Responsibility5) Implementing Business Ethics Through leada) Values-Based and Ethical leadingi) withdraw for Value-Based/Ethical Leadersii) Characteristics of Values-Based/Ethical Leadersiii) Role of Ethical Leadership in Business Ethics6) combine Ethics Using Formal Structure and Systemsa) Codes of ethicsb) Programs and other policies to enforce ethical deportments7) Benefits of Ethical OrganizationsEmployee Satisfaction/ProductivityIncreased ProfitsSocial StatusSustainability8) destination and RecommendationsNeeds to be more exploration in the topic of ethical leadership Focus on understanding how ethical leadership influences corporate elaboration and how it flows down the corporate structure Research should attempt to identify the best procedures for developing and sustaining strong influential leadership ethics within the organizational structure.Organizational Design & Business Ethics A Literature ReviewEthics, and particularly the role it should play in business, continues to be a topic of hot backchat in todays caller. Increased corporate scandals and the discovery of a rise in unethical business practices have thrown the topic of business ethics into the spotlight. Over the past few decades legion(predicate) successful, prominent companies have collapsed due to corporate scandals, which resulted not only when in the loss of jobs of more employees, plainly too led to bountiful financial losses of thousands of shargonholders. This cascading effect of unethical appearance by company executives led to increased expectations from all stakeholders of an organizatio n. Stakeholders, who include employees, investors, shareholders, and customers, expect organizations to do more than just maximize the bottom line profit organizational management is expected to accomplish this goal both legitimately and ethically, time also implementing some sort of program or policy that underwriteks to benefit society or the surround at large. Companies are expected to implement ethics within their organizational structure and culture. This expectation could be accomplished through strong ethical leadership, formal structures, and regulations that place emphasis on ethics, and by making a commitment to corporate social responsibility.Following the implemented ethical procedures and guidelines will help organizations overcome the various ethical dilemmas and challenges, allowing the business to build a strong ethical foundation that will ultimately benefit the company through increased customer and employee satisfaction, which could result in increased profits, organizational sustainability and social status. A review of the current literature regarding business ethics reveals that am emphasis is placed on defining and understanding business ethics, understanding how ethical leadership is used to implement ethics into an organization, identifying how ethics are mixd into the organizational structural, and finally reviewing the benefits of operating an ethical business.Overview of Business EthicsEthics is a complex construct. One essential first understand what ethics is before understanding the important role it plays in business and leadership. The current literature offers umpteen variant definitions for ethics, which will be explored, as intumesce as the various types of ethics and theirintegrations with organizational management and policies.Definition of EthicsMerriam-Webster (2014) defines ethics as rules of sort based on ideas about what is virtuously good and bad. People have varying concepts of what is considered decent or wrong or good and bad. For this reason, ethics makes unenvi adapted to define and comply with (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). Oates and Dalmau (2013) define ethics as the body of knowledge that deals with the study of universal principles that determine right from wrong (p. 38). Racelis (2010) further explains that ethics is different from morality in that time morality deals with the principles of right and wrong in general, ethics focuses on the standards of conduct that are generally acceptable to a large group.Therefore, it is important to note, that ethical behavior focuses on what is good for others rather than on what is good for oneself. Mihelic, Lipicnik, and Tekavcic (2010) add to this definition noting that ethical behavior is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community (p. 32). Business ethics, therefore is a branch of applied ethics as it relates to the various business activities of human beings (Keller-Krawczyk, 2010). Being able to understand a nd implement good ethical principles into the business setting is key to developing a strong organizational culture nurtured by ethical principles.Types of EthicsMany times when race speak or write about ethics they refer to one of two types, individualist ethics and/or organizational (group) ethics. Scholars have studied both types of ethics in an attempt to understand how individual and organizational ethics intertwine and connect with one another. Accurately rendering the relationship surrounded by the two is crucial to understanding how strong ethical values could be successfully instilled into an organizations environment.Individualistic ethics. The concept of right and wrong is something that is instilled in individuals from the time of their birth. Individuals may learn what it right and wrong from their parents, teachers, religiouseducation, or life experiences. They then take what they learn and pee their own individualized values which help to shape and develop their individual sense of ethics. Elango, Paul, Kundu, and Paudel (2010) explain the various research works that supports the argument that an individuals personal values and ethical standards are the main driver of a persons intention to practice ethical behavior. The authors explain that there is strong turn out to support the supposition linking an individuals attitude toward a behavior to the actual behavior of that individual (Elango et al., 2010).Corporate/organizational ethics. Just as individuals create and develop their own ethical standards, groups of individuals may also develop a shared sense of what is considered ethical. Many literary works support the idea that the culture of an organization, including the belief systems, have a profound influence on an employees thinking and ultimately on his/her professional behavior (Elango et al., 2010). The ethical behavior of an organization is delimit by the corporate culture. Racelis (2009) defines corporate culture as the assum ptions, beliefs, goals, knowledge and values that are shared by organizational members (p. 252). The culture of an organization defines the behavior patterns of the employees, profoundly influencing their actions and choices in a given situation. Much research is focused on studying the relationship surrounded by corporate ethical values and an individuals personal ethical values.Elango et al. (2010) hypothesized that employees will have greater ethical intentions if they perceive a high level of organizational ethics. The findings of the study conducted by Elango et al. (2010) indicated that there was a significant relationship between organizational ethics and an individuals ethical intentions, supporting the notion that organizations could build an ethical business by focusing on creating a positive ethical culture. Likewise, a study conducted by Racelis (2010) also concluded that there is an interaction between individual ethical perceptions and values and the organizations val ue systems, providing evidence to the theory that an organizations ideology and culture is indeed deally to shape decision-making and action in that organization (p. 257).Managerial EthicsAn important aspect of business ethics is managerial ethics, which refers tothe decisions, actions, and behaviors of mangers and whether they are considered right or wrong (Daft, 2013). Individuals in positions of management must make the decision every day whether or not to act in an ethical manner. As discussed earlier, deciding what is considered right or wrong ethically, is not eternally black and white. Many times managers find themselves pushing the limits and entering the grey area of ethics. De Cremer and de Bettignies (2013) explain that in the business environment there are many implicit expectations and norms that motivate managers and ultimately may push them to cross the boundaries and behave unethically. Many times competiveness and greed could push managers into the ethical grey ar ea. gibe to De Cremer and de Bettingnies (2013), This attitude of pushing the limits effectively clouds our own moral limits and, as a result, increases the chances that we eventually will cross the boundaries (p. 65). Many managers believe if they are not insideng anything illegal, than they are acting ethically. This is not always the case therefore, it is important for managers to understand the difference between laws and ethical standards. Once managers have a fair understanding of what is considered stamp down ethical behavior, they can focus on making good ethical decisions for the organization.Relationship between laws and ethical standards. Keller-Krawczyk (2010) explain that laws are rules of conduct set by a governing body that either requires or prohibits individuals or businesses from performing certain actions. Failure to comply with the set laws may result in punishments such(prenominal) as financial penalties and/or imprisonment. As mentioned previously, it is not u ncommon for individuals to believe that if they are operating within the boundaries of the law, then they are behaving ethically. Unfortunately, there are many actions that may be considered legal, and are not considered ethical. Keller-Krawczyk (2010) supports this notion stating that usury (charging high interest rates in countries that do not set a legal limit on rates) is a good example of a behavior that is legal hardly also considered unethical. Business managers must attempt to understand the relationship and differences between laws and ethics if they wish to help implement ethics within their organization.Managers are often times aware of the laws and regulations because they are formally write and failure to complywith them will result in some sort of sanctioned punishment, whereas ethical standards are socially construed and failure to comply with these standards is not always punishable under state or federal sanctions. Cameron (2011) explains that ethical standards d o not always serve as adequate fixed points for managers because they often smorgasbord over time and circumstance thus they frequently to do not remain stable because they are socially construed (p. 30).Although laws and regulations are different than ethical standards, managers get hold of to understand how the two can be integrated and used within their organization to help build a solid ethical foundation. Blodgett (2012) acknowledges that many philosophers and legal scholars have attempted to explain the complicated relationship that exists between laws and ethics and although it is still not easily understood, it is evident that there is indeed a companionship between the two. A study conducted by Blodgett (2012) explored the idea of substantive ethics (an integration of law and ethics) and how it could be applied to corporate governance as thoroughly as the managerial decision-making process. This idea of substantive ethics and how it could be integrated into the formal c orporate structure is discussed in greater depth later in this paper.Ethical decision making.One of the major tasks of a manger is to make decisions. The decisions they make not only reflect back on them as an individual, but on the organization as well. Oates and Dalmau (2013) point out that the decisions of managers have a far greater impact on the instauration today as compared to years ago since technology has allowed for the inter-connection of economies. They go on to explain that a poor decision by a manger in one part of the world can have dramatic consequences for people in another part of the world (Oates & Dalmau, 2013). It is obvious that good decision making is an important part of organizational success. What factors control or influence managerial decision making? Findings of a study conducted by Elango et al. (2010) indicate that both individual ethics and organizational ethics played a role in guiding managers into making ethical choices. This means that managers are influenced by their own ethical values and experiences as well as the ethical standards, practices and procedures discerned in their workplace.These findings were also supported by the study conducted by Racelis (2010) which indicated that anorganizations culture plays an instrumental role in the decision making process. Oates and Dalmau (2013) explain that ethical decision making is not solely about ensuring that a mangers decision will not have an adverse affect on others, it also requires that those in positions of management actively look to make decisions that will benefit others. Choosing to make ethical decisions on a daily basis has proven a difficult task for many managers. Managers are constantly faced with ethical dilemmas in the workplace. Mihelic et al. (2010) review various literary works regarding the topic of ethical leadership and identify an important concept stating that ethical managers incorporate ethical dimension in the decision-making process, consider th e ethical consequences of their decisions and preceding(prenominal) all try to make fair choices (p. 33).Corporate Social ResponsibilityA topic that is c doze offly related and intertwined with the concept of business ethics is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Low and Ang (2013) explain that each organization may have their own definition of CSR however, each of the definitions seems to share common ground and themes. valet Business Council for Sustainable Development (2000) offers the side by side(p) definition of CSRCorporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and stand to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the topical anaesthetic community and society at large. (as cited in Low & Ang, 2013, p. 33). As evident from this detailed definition, CSR plays an instrumental part in the ethical arena of a business. Benn, Todd and Pendleton (2010) theorize that although the concept of CSR is to benefit the society at large, the underlying reason for an organization to implement CSR strategies is to satisfy stakeholder expectations. The authors explain that corporate scandals, fraud and an increase awareness of environmental, social and health concerns has led many stakeholders to lose credibility in corporations (Benn et al., 2010).Low and Ang (2013) emphasize that many external stakeholders are beginning to take a more thorough interest in the activities of an organization by concentrating on not only what the company has done with its products and/or services, but also on how the company hasimpacted the environment or local community. As a way to rebuild credibility and satisfy the interests of stakeholders, many organizations are using CSR strategies that seek to create a positive impact on society.Regardless of the motivation behind implementing the CSR strategies, many scholars agree that in order to implement successful CSR policies, organizations affect to have a strong ethical foundation (Low & Ang, 2013 Benn et al., 2010). An empirical study conducted by Benn et al. (2010) provided strong evidence that corporate leadership and structure play an instrumental role in embedding CSR strategies and policies across the organization. Thus, since business ethics and CSR are intrinsically intertwined it is imperative that one understands how ethics and CSR could be incorporated within an organization through leadership, formal structures, and systems.Implementing Business Ethics through LeadershipNow that the construct of business ethics has been defined and explained, focus needs to be placed on how leadership could be instrumental in modify or implementing business ethics within an organizations culture. Just as there are several different definitions for ethics, there are also many definitions and interpretations of leadership. Noriega and Drew (2013) cite several different definitions of leadership before ultim ately arriving at a generalized definition that states leadership deals with persuading, inspiring, motivating others, and spearheading effectual changes (p. 34). Likewise, Mihelic et al. (2010) emphasize that the role of a leader is to help direct the behavior of his/her following toward a sought after goal. There are many different types and methods of leadership that allow leaders to accomplish their goals and objectives. The main focus of this paper is on value-based and ethical leadership and how these types of leadership are instrumental in promoting ethical behavior among employees within their organization.Value-Based and Ethical LeadershipEthics had previously been described as a body of knowledge concerning itself with moral principles that govern the behavior of individuals. Leadership was defined as the act of persuading or influencing individuals toward a desired goal. Therefore, by combining these two definitions, Oatesand Dalmau (2013) derived the following simple definition for ethical leadership the art of helping, guiding, and influencing people to achieve a common goal in a morally acceptable way (p. 38). Similarly, Busch and Wennes (2012) explain that value-based leadership focuses on two primary leadership dimensions 1) ensuring the visibility and meaningfulness of values and 2) generating moral engagement within an organization.Although many scholars argue that value-based leadership and ethical leadership are synonymous, Morrison and Mujtaba (2010) review various studies that acknowledge that while the two types of leadership do tend to overlap, there are also major differences that cannot be ignored. Brown and Trevino stress that one significant difference between the two is that ethical leadership focuses on the content of the values while value-based leadership tends to ignore the content, focusing instead on the sharing of values between the leader and followers (as cited in Morrison & Mujtaba, 2010).Taking this into consideration it could be construed that effective ethical leaders are also influential value-based leaders that inspire and enable their followers to make the right choices and adopt the same ethical values embraced by the leader. Viinamaki (2012) supports this idea, explaining that value-based leaders carry the responsibilities of setting ethical goals and standards, rewarding those that achieve the desired outcome of ethical conduct, and penalizing anyone that strays from the set ethical values and standards. In order to comprehend the role ethical and value based leadership plays in business ethics, it is essential that one first understands why there is a need for ethical leadership and is able to identify the characteristics of an effective and influential ethical leader.Need for value-based and ethical leaders. Oates and Dalmau (2013) point out that the need for ethical leadership is most evident is situations where it is absent. Recent corporate scandals such as the collapse of Enron and Arthur Andersen has shed light on the issues of corruption, power and greed revealing that these conditions could wreak havoc on organizations that do not have strong ethical leaders. According to Noriega and Drew (2013), in todays high-pressured business environment, organizations would find it difficult to meet daily challenges and overcome obstacles if they lacked ethical leadership. The authors explain that more attention has beenfocused on ethical leadership because individuals, particularly company stakeholders, are more aware of unethical practices and seek for a way to achieve managerial accountability (Noriega & Drew, 2013). When detailing why value-based leadership was important in organizations, Viinamaki (2012) explains values are a means of influencing behaviors without the need to resort to formal structures, systems, strategies, or control mechanisms (p. 29).Characteristics of ethical leaders. There are many traits and qualities that characterize strong ethical leade rs. Mihelic et al. (2010) write a strong character plays an important role in effective self-leadership and in the process of leading others (p. 35). The most common traits that scholars have attributed to ethical leaders are righteousness, honesty, and trustworthiness (Mihelic et al., 2010 Noriega & Drew, 2013). These three traits are necessary in order to build trusting relationships with followers offering credibility and consistency. Other characteristics of ethical leaders include responsible, fair, humble, encouraging and respectful of others, shows concern for greater good, innovative and courageous (Mihelic et al., 2010 Noriega & Drew, 2013).Mihelic et al. (2010) explain that in accompaniment to the above characteristic traits it is crucial that ethical leaders embody the following five values pride, patience, prudence, persistence and perspective. An ethical leader should also use values-based leadership to emphasize and strengthen these ethical values within the organiza tional structure. Finally, Noriega and Drew (2013) emphasize that high regard of human worth and dignity are at the core of an ethical leaders belief system. All the decisions and actions are made in accordance with the beliefs and actions of the ethical leader.Role of ethical leadership in business ethics. By definition, leaders persuade or influence their followers toward a desired goal. One of the main goals of ethical and values-based leadership is to motivate their followers to share and embody the same ethical values that they themselves are portraying. A majority of scholars are in agreement that the ethical conduct of an organization is to begin with influenced by the leaders who are also responsible for creating and enforcing the codes of conduct to befollowed by the employees (Mihelic et al., 2010). In order for ethical leadership to be successful within an organization, all leaders, especially those that hold senior leadership positions must be committed to the ethical p rinciples they profess and more importantly they must also typify these principles through their own actions (Wickham & Donohue).The relationship of a leader and follower could be compared to that of a parent and a child. A child is likely to follow and assume the actions of the parent, performing in a manner that will likely receive the parents approval. Parents wishing to teach their child how to behave properly will want to be a good role model for that child by modeling the desired behavior. Likewise, leaders need to be role models for their employees. Employees who see their leaders modeling the desired ethical behavior will be more likely to act in the same manner, which helps the behavior and ethical principles become a strong part of the corporate culture. Wickham and ODonahue (2012) support this theory stating Leadership, both formal and informal, in the firm needs to be perceived as walking the walk as much as talking the talk of ethical decision-making and behavior (p. 23) with internal employees as much as external customers and stakeholders.Integrating Ethics Using Formal Structure and SystemsCreating an ethical business requires that ethics be incorporated into all aspects of the organization. Not only must leaders and employees practice ethical principles, but ethics must be built into the organizational structure. Part of implementing ethics within the organizational structure starts with making sure that ethical leadership begins at the top of the organization and then flows down through all levels of the hierarchy (Oates & Dalmau, 2013O. It was briefly mentioned earlier that a major role of an ethical leader was to enforce the code of conduct that would guide employee behavior within the organization. Creating a code of conduct that emphasizes the important ethical principles the organization wishes to portray is one of several ways ethics could be integrated into an organization.It would also prove beneficial to incorporate ethics into cor porate governance laws and policies, particularly by implementing and enforcing a code of ethics. According to Oates and Dalmua (2013), it is necessary for the ethical values and standards to be articulated in thewider context of the organization, society, culture and regulations (p. 40). Once a solid foundation for business ethics is laid within the structure, organizations need to make sure they implement polices and programs that will continue to help teach and enforce good ethical behavior.Corporate Structure and EthicsOates and Dalmua (2013) also claim Ethical leadership starts at the top, with the companys board of directorsabove all, it must be present in the CEO (p. 40). This is an important notion for implementing business ethics because if ethical leadership does not start at the highest level of management and work its way down, it is exceedingly unlikely that it would be workable to fully integrate ethics within the organizational corporate culture. In addition to inst ituting ethical leadership at all levels of management, an experimental study conducted by Ellman and Pezanis-Christou (2010) revealed that the decision-making structures of organizations also have a significant effect on the ethical behavior of employees.The study provided evidence to support the theory that subordinates within an organization who were given a voice in the decision making process felt more responsible for the actions of the organization and were thus more inclined to exhibit better ethical behavior than when they were not given a say in the decision-making process (Ellman & Pezanis-Christou, 2010). Therefore, as this study indicates, open communication between leaders and subordinates is a key concept in the ethical implementation process.As discussed earlier, CSR continues to be a popular topic that aligns itself with discussions on business ethics. A major focus of CSR is on creating a sense of shared value between the business, its shareholders, and society. Mi chelini and Fiorentino (2011) explain that from a shared value viewpoint, companies must integrate a social perspective into the core frameworks that they use to understand competition and develop business strategy (p. 562). In other words, companies need to be sure that they are using an effective business model that will help support their CSR strategies and achieve shared value. Business models refer to the design of a business in regards to how it will create, deliver and capture value (Michelini & Fiorentino, 2011). The research conducted by Michelini and Fiorentino (2011) comparedand contrasted the social and inclusive business models in reference to how they each allow an organization to achieve their goal of shared value.Codes of EthicsIt has been stressed that the actions of those in positions of leadership helps to institute ethical behavior in employees. Although this is true, actions are not the only option that should be used to communicate managements expectations of proper ethical behavior. Racelis (2010) places emphasis on the fact that individuals are more likely to feel like a vital part of an organization and will more strongly associate themselves with the mission of the company if the organizations shared perceptions and values are clearly defined. Often times to accomplish this objective, organizations will develop a corporate code of ethics or code of conduct. Blodgett (2012) explains that corporate ethics codes are self-selected statements of laws and ethics that communicate the values and expressions of a corporation.Many corporate ethics codes incorporate the universal business ethical values of honesty, integrity, responsibility, fairness and trust but they also may contain legal compliance statements to address general business concerns (Blodgett, 2012). It has been proposed by Blodgett (2012) that integrating general laws and procedures into a corporate code of ethics will help businesses see the ethical value in obeying laws and also help them understand that they have a broader responsibility than just strictly following legal laws. Overall, Noriega and Drew (2013) reiterate that ethical codes of conduct are structured by members of senior management and should seek to clarify company expectations, assist employees in the decision-making process and foster appropriate ethical behavior.Programs and Other Policies to Enforce Ethical BehaviorIn addition to creating a corporate code of ethics and communication them to all employees within the organization, managers must also find ways to promote, teach, and enforce these ethical principles. Wickham and ODonahue (2012) suggest that in order to build an ethically well-informed organization, an organization must develop HRM strategies, polices and procedures that center on recruiting, developing, and retaining employees that embodycognitive, moral, social and emotional intelligence. A focus need to be put on learn how to develop and retain ethically motivated employees.Trapp (2011) shares that organizations could help endure ethical behavior through various business ethics programs such as workshops and e-training. A study by Trapp (2011) revealed that employees were more prone to embrace ethical standards when they were given the opportunity to openly voice their concerns and address the ethical grey areas they may encounter. Organizations can offer open forums or have ethical help hotlines where employees can openly communicate with others when they are faced with ethical dilemmas or areas of grey.Benefits of Ethical OrganizationsAlthough many businesses are feeling the push from their stakeholders to run their business on ethically sound principles, ethical business have seen many advantages and benefits as a result of instituting ethical behavior. Some of these benefits may include increased employee satisfaction and productivity, increased and sustainable profitability, improved social status, and customer/shareholder loyalty and ap preciation (Wickham & ODonohue, 2012).According to Morrison and Mujtaba (2010), companies that follow unethical practices and are managed by unethical leaders diminish and destroy shareholder value due to the high cost associated with unethical actions such as fines and penalties, audit costs and costs associated with loss of customers and reputation whereas, leaders that operate highly ethical corporations are able to increase shareholder. A positive correlation has been found between a firms investment in CSR and an increase in shareholder wealth (Morrison & Mujtaba, 2010).Finally, not only did the collapse of many prominent business due to unethical behavior result in a loss of credibility between stakeholders and businesses, it also resulted in governmental interference and the passage of laws such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). He and Ho (2010) explained that this law introduced significant reform in the corporate governance, accounting, auditing, and reporting enviro nment of publicly traded firms (p. 624).Compliance with SOX has proven costly for many organizations. He and Ho (2010) believe that organizations led by ethical leaders who institute proper ethical standards and practices do not need toinvest in expensive monitoring programs because they could meet governmental regulations in a more efficient manner with negligible monitoring.Conclusion and RecommendationsOrganizations continue to be confronted with increased ethical challenges as leaders are continually tempted to exchange ethical behavior for increased money and power. Individuals in society continue to be appalled by the number of large and powerful corporations that have collapsed and fallen due to corporate fraud and scandal. This has led many stakeholders to become skeptical of business operations, leading them to demand an incorporation of ethics into every day business practices. Corporations wishing to satisfy this new expectation and recoup the confidence and trust of no t only external stakeholders but if their own employees must seek to find ways to implement business ethics within their organizational culture.Ethics is a complex construct to interpret and understand. Each individual has his/her own opinion regarding what constitutes good ethical behavior. There is no whiz definition for ethics, although most of the definitions provided by scholars revolve around common themes. Regardless of the debate about what truly constitutes ethics, there is a strong consensus that an indisputable need for ethics exists inside organizations. For this reason, there is much focus placed on ethics and how it pertains to business throughout literary works. Scholars continue to research and conduct various studies regarding the best way to institute ethics within an organization.Much of this literature was reviewed and evaluated to identify common themes that existed among the works. The literature includes explanations of various studies that provide support sh owing it is realizable for organizations to meet the ethical expectations of the stakeholders by instituting strong ethical leadership within the organizations from the top down. These ethical leaders need to possess the important ethical qualities of honesty, integrity and trustworthiness and should practice the ethical behavior they profess, serving as exemplary role models for their followers. In addition, these ethical leaders are responsible for creating and enforcing formal policies and programs within their organization that place emphasis on the ethical values and standardsthe business desires to convey. These formal structures include implementing and communicating a corporate code of ethics for the organizations and instituting programs that will help educate and develop the employees in regards to the ethical standards and values.Organizations that are successfully able institute ethical leadership and use it to build a strong ethical foundation find that ethics inevitab ly become a part of the organizational culture. Ethical companies create shared value between the business, shareholders and society through CSR initiatives. Highly ethical organizations also see that their ethical practices benefit them through increased employee satisfaction and productivity, customer and shareholder appreciation, increased sustainable profitability, and social status.A detailed review of the literature on ethics reveals that there is still plenty of room for exploration on the topic of business ethics and particularly with the topic of ethical leadership. Since it appears that ethical leadership is the key to integrating ethical behavior within an organization, more studies should be conducted to determine the best approaches for leaders to do this. Leadership is all about persuasion and influence. It is recommended that more focus be placed on understanding the influence of strong ethical leadership within an organization and how this influence flows down the or ganizational structure. Once this flow of influence is understood, exploration is necessary to identify the best procedures for developing and sustaining strong influential leadership ethics within the organizational structure.ReferencesBenn, S., Todd, L. R., & Pendleton, J. (2010). Public relations leadership in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(3), 403-423. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0474-5 Blodgett, M. (2011). Substantive ethics Integrating law and ethics in corporate ethics programs. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), 39-48. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1165-6 Busch, T., & Wennes, G. (2012). Changing values in the modern public firmament The need forvalue-based leadership. The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 8(4), 201-215. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1108/17479881211323599 Cameron, K. (2011). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 25-35. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10551-011-1023-6 Daft, R. L. (2013). Organization theory & design. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning. De Cremer, D. and de Bettignies, H.-C. (2013), Pragmatic business ethics. Business Strategy Review, 24(2), 6467. Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8616.2013.00950.x/pdf Elango, B., Paul, K., Kundu, S. K., & Paudel, S. K. (2010). Organizational ethics, individual ethics, and ethical intentions in international decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(4), 543-561. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0524-z Ellman, M., & Pezanis-Christou, P. (2010). Organizational structure, communication, and group ethics. The American Economic Review, 100(5), 2478-2491. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.5.2478 Ethic Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2014). Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic Keller-Krawczyk, L. (2010). Is business ethics possible and necessary ? Economics & Sociology, 3(1), 133-142,149. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1038947534?accountid=12085 He, L., & Ho, S. K. (2011). Monitoring costs, managerial ethics and corporate governance A modeling approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(4), 623-635. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0672-1 Low, P. K. C., & Ang, S. L. (2013). Confucian ethics, governance and corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(4), 30-43. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1327711156?accountid=12085 Michelini, L., & Fiorentino, D., (2012). New business models for creating shared value, Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 561-577. Retrieved from http//www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/journals.htm?articleid=17058148 Mihelic, K. K., Lipicnik, B., & Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical leadership. International Journal of Management and Information Systems, 14(5), 31-41. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/81964 9567?accountid=12085 Morrison, H., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2010).

Effects of Peer Pressure Essay

Everyone wants to exit , to be accepted . This is a major reason why teenagers aspect pressurized to go along with what others be doing the so called mate pressure. Teenagers argon going through tremendous physical and emotional channelizes as they change from childhood to young adults . There are new responsibilities to be faced , exams to be taken and of stratum new relationships to be faced . There is rebellion against the rules and ideas that parents impose and so they flock together near in desperation in some cases. As young commonwealth come about more than clock time with their lucifers outside the family home there are opportunities to do things that they haven t done before such(prenominal) as trying out substances drugs , alcohol and so on . Young people at this spot in their lives often feel very insecure are the changes that are happening to them normal ? wherefore haven t they got bigger breasts a longer penis , a boy /girl genius and all the rest ? They may even be unsure of their sexual orientation By big(a) in to peer pressure and uniting in a common uniform whether of clothing or language they feel stronger and more normal , and meeting with others going through similar problems reinforces their egos , even though this may go against the norms of society in general. As they mature , obtain jobs , move away from the welkin in which they grew up perhaps , the effect of peer pressure testament diminish .see moreessay on peer pressureThey will hopefully realize that misusing drugs is not a approximate thing . Gradually , as they become surer of themselves , most people feel able to make their avouch decisions as to which music they prefer , clothes to be worn , even their opinions on world issues will be less affected by what their friends think or do . They will make their deliver decisions about taking drugs or getting drunk . They will feel accepted for who they are , what they are capable of , and though peer pressure c ontinues to affect most people to some extent its effects tend to lessen as maturity occursPeer pressure has a very strong work on on our decisions so it is capable of bringing about great change, whether its for the profound or the rugged of the situation or person. Peer pressure exists for all ages. Pre-teens and teenagers face many issues related to conformity and peer pressure. They are pulled between the desire to be seen as single(a)s of unique value and the desire to belong to a group where they feel secure and accepted. The result is that often teens reject family or general society values, sequence feeling pressure to conform rigidly to the values of their peer Your peers are the people with whom you identify and spend time. In children and teens, they are usually, but not always, of the same age group. In adults, peers may be inflexible less by age and more by shared interests or professions.Peer pressure occurs when an individual experiences implied or expressed per suasion to adopt similar values, beliefs, and goals, or to participate in the same activities as those in the peer group. Peer groups have so much influence, especially with adolescents, because, nomatter how inappropriate it seems to adults, belonging to a group really doesgive something significant to the young person. Peer groups provide a placewhere children feels accepted, where they can feel good about themselves, andwhere their self-esteem is enhanced. Some psychologists also point out thatlife become simpler when we conform to expectations.Young people tend to gravitate toward other young people with the same problems and in the same situations as themselves and where they feel they will be understood and accepted.There is a very, very strong need to satisfy that thirst for symmetry and for acceptance. The feeling of belonging is a very powerful force that can outweigh ties to church, school, family, or community. In addition to the feeling of belonging and not being alone or socially isolated, some characteristics that peer groups offer which make them attractive and that families may lack are (1) a strong belief grammatical construction (2) a clear system of rules and (3) communication and discussion about taboo subjects suchas drugs, sex, and religion.Read more http//www.faqs.org/wellness/topics/76/Peer-pressure.htmlixzz2KMutEDRZhttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-and-positive-effects-of-peer-pressure.html

The Witches Influence on Macbeth

The Witches Influence on Macbeth Allison Schweinert Malling Hour 2 1/15/12 passim Macbeth, Shakespeares witches, or the three weird sisters (1. 3. 32) serve several purposes. With their persuasive techniques and ability to either becharm or influence the future, their most important role seems to be their baron to influence decision-making and cause the sign deterioration of Macbeth. By providing five prophecies, the witches provide Macbeths call to action and drive his thirst for power, (Jamieson).However, by non telling Macbeth the full truth, they give him false hope, and expectations that ultimately lead to his demise. The witches influence him so greatly, that without their presence, it is possible that Macbeth would never discombobulate even committed the murder of King Duncan. The three weird sisters define their first appearance in Act 1 chance 1. In Act 1 Scene 3, the witches make their first predictions. The first is that Macbeth will be King of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis. The second is that Banquos sons will besides be kings.Macbeths is forced to question the prophecies and says to the witches, By Sinels death I know I am thane of Glamis. But how of Cawdor? The thane of Cawdor lives, A prosperous gentleman, and to be king, stands not within the prospect of belief, (1. 3. 71-74). Due to his unavoidable inheritance of the title Thane of Glamis, Macbeth is induced that the witches are, in fact, of a supernatural nature. Despite his lingering doubts, these predictions were enough to convince Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to pursue their ambitions and kill Duncan.This shows the witches first influence in that, even though Macbeth questions their credibility, he allows them to have substantial control in his future. Secondly, it is thought by many, that to know what fate may have in store for them, and to have knowledge of the future is wrong. It seems this is true, because after Macbeth demands the witches second appearance, he is told to beware of Macduff, and that he cannot be harmed by anyone born of a woman or defeated until the Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane shall come, (4. 1. 93-94). aft(prenominal) receiving these final prophecies, it seems that Macbeths morale begins to deteriorate along with his confidence. Based on his paranoia and extreme reliance on the witchs initial prediction he sends out men to murder Banquo and his son. He to a fault attempts to kill Macduff, and when that fails he tells the murderers to kill his family despite their innocence. In this, he reaches a point of true evil. However, passim all this, Macbeth continues to have his doubts. He considers his invincibility and constantly reminds himself and others that, he bares a charmed life, which must not yield To one of woman born, (5. . 12-13). I believe he does this because he needs to convince himself that the witches are, in fact, unequivocal. However, he fails to consider that perhaps the witches just arent telling him the full truth. Thi s becomes evident in Macbeths final scenes as the Birnam Woods make their way towards him, in Malcolms attempt to hide his numbers. Macbeth overly assimilates that he should have had higher speculations moments before his death, when Macduff tells him Despair thy charm, And let the angel whom thou still hast served enunciate thee, Macduff was from his mothers womb Untimely ripped, (5. . 13-16). At this point, Macbeth was forced to come to terms with his undoing and realize that the witches werent as reliable as hed hoped. But how much of the blame do the witches truly deserve? We now must ask ourselves, Are the witches prophecies preordained? Or do they simply support Macbeth to become active in constructing his own fate? (Jamieson). My answer to both of these is yes. The second that the witches told Macbeth that he would be king, his future became exactly as theyd foretold.Once he obtained knowledge of his divine will and allowed the witches prophecies to elapse him, Macbeth b egan to slowly deteriorate. It wasnt until Macbeth heard the witches prophecies, that thoughts of killing Duncan came to him, and even when the did, he was reluctant. The initial thought of committing such a crime was, but fantastical (1. 3. 139), despite Macbeths ruthless nature in combat. Even further, prior(prenominal) to the murder during his discussion with Lady Macbeth, he attempted to withdraw himself from the conspiracy.He tells Lady Macbeth, that we but inculcate Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return to plague th inventor this even handed justice Commends th ingredients of our poisoned chalice To our own lips, (1. 7. 8-12). Macbeth says this as if he knows, to trust the prophecies, is to seal his fate. Unfortunately, it is too late for Lady Macbeth. She has already had a taste for power in her control over Macbeth now she is addicted to it and has already traded her ethical motive to the devil. Lady Macbeths early decisions are what, I believe, led to her extre me loss of sanity.Macbeth doesnt wholly come to terms with his ambitions until later. He evokes full trust within the prophecies near the end of the play, while he boasts of his invincibility. Their dependence and reliance on the prophecies is what ultimately led to their demise. Without the prophecies, there would have been nothing to rely on and simply their desires to push them. Because of this, the witches influence on Macbeth is clear. They did far more than just provide him with a glimpse of his future they released his innermost desires and set his path by doing so.They opened doors and guided him on a transit that once he had embarked on, could never return. References Crowther, John, ed. No Fear Macbeth. SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 16 Jan. 2012 Jamieson, Lee Macbeth Witches. About. com Shakespeare. N. p. , October 2005. Web. 10 Jan 2012. . Riedel, Jennifer. The Witches Influence on Macbeth . Diss. University of Victoria, 1995. Web. . Shakespeare, Willia m. Macbeth. Elements of Literature Sixth Course. Ed. Kathleen Daniel, et al. Austin Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 2003. 300-385.

Early history of Islam Essay

Islam is a religion story upon the surrender to God who is one. The very name of the religion, al-islam in Arabic, means at once submission and peace, for it is in submitting to Gods Will that human beings achieve peace in their lives in this human being and in the hereafter. The mental object of Islam concerns God, who in Arabic is called Allah, and it addresses itself to humanitys most deep nature. It concerns men and women as they were created by Godnot as fallen beings. Islam for that reason considers itself to be not an innovation but a reassertion of the universal truth of all revelation which is Gods Oneness.Moreover, beginning as the faith of a small community of worshipers in Arabia in the seventh century, Islam quickly becomes one of the main world religions. The core of this faith is the faith that Muhammad (c. 570-632), a respected businessman in Mecca, a commercial and unearthly center in western Arabia, received revelations from God that have been conserved in the leger. The heart of this revealed message is the confirmation that there is no god but Allah (The God), and Muhammad is the messenger of God. The term Islam comes from the Arabic word-root s-l-m, which has a unwashed reference to peace and submission.Particularly, Islam means submission to the will of God, and a Muslim is one who makes that submission. This submission or act of Islam means living a life of devotion and practice as defined in the Koran and participating in the life of the community of believers. The core of this Muslim life is typically verbalize to be the Five Pillars of Islam openly bearing witness to the basic affirmation of faith saying electropositive prayers five times a day fasting during the month of Ramadan giving a tithe or alms for support of the poor and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once throughout the believers lifetime, if this is possible.In addition, Muslims believe that Islam is the essential monotheistic faith proclaimed by prophets thr oughout history. The Koran is not seen as presenting a new revelation but rather as providing a complete, precise, and hence final record of the message that had previously been given to Abraham, Jesus, and other earlier prophets. As the basis for a historical community and tradition of faith, nevertheless, Islam begins in Mecca with the life and work of Muhammad in the early seventh century.Islam possesses a religious law called al-Shariah in Arabic which govern the life of Muslims and which Muslims regard as to be the incarnation of the Will of God. The Shariah is contained in principle in the Koran as elaborated and complemented by the Sunnah. On the basis of these principles the schools of law which are followed by all Muslims to this day were developed early in Islamic history. This Law, temporary hookup being rooted in the sources of the Islamic revelation, is a living body of law which caters to the desires of Islamic society.Islamic laws are fundamentally preventive and are not based on unkind punishment boot out as a last measure. The faith of the Muslim causes him to have respect for the rights of others and Islamic Law is such(prenominal) that it prevents misbehavior from taking place in most instances. That is why what great deal consider to be blue punishments are so seldom in need of being applied. Furthermore, the spread of Islam was not restricted to its staggering early expansion outside of Arabia. During later centuries the Turks embraced Islam serenely as did a large number of the people of the Indian subcontinent and the Malay-speaking world.In Africa as hearty, Islam has spread during the past two centuries even under the strong originator of European colonial rulers. Nowadays Islam continues to grow not only in Africa but as well in Europe and America where Muslims now comprise a prominent minority. References Exploring the Ancient world Cultures, Retrieved on November 29, 2006 at http//eawc. evansville. edu/ispage. htm Historio graphy of early Islam, Retrieved on November 29, 2006 at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam

To what extent does business process reengineering improve sustainable competitive advantage

precept / BackgroundDue to the increasingly militant and evolving environment of modern line of products, a material centering straightway lies on note restructuring in order for firms to meet the demands of the global economy. Buhalis and Owen (2010) see this necessity as the number one wood behind blood line cognitive operation reengineering and as a result the practice is widespread, for cause Attaran (2004) highlighted a psychoanalyse in which 87% of assembly linees were found to engage in the fulfill. Much research has been conducted in this bea (see Kettinger and Grover 1995), which points towards emulous wages as the primary focal area. Based on Porters original five forces model (Porter 1979) companies now look to profession military operation reengineering to create a sustainable competitive advantage for their firm. Whilst research done by Ansoff and McDonnell (1990) foc occasions on more tradition every(prenominal)y held beliefs about a firms unique r esources, m whatsoever has since changed their beliefs on what is considered a dynamic capability worthy of creating a sustained competitive advantage. Meed et al (1994) cited a confederation unavoidably to transform in order to adapt to its environment, and Osborne (1997) suggested that the very genius of the issue requires ever evolving material. Thus there is becoming an increased focus on the more inbred capabilities of modern organizations, as Barneys 1999 article noted how strategic resources tend to be evenly distributed crossways firms and so there is a new focal point of intimacy macrocosm central to the business sector reengineering military operation and to creating a sustained competitive advantage for modern businesses.According to Grint (1994) reengineering quickly became the buzzword for businesses in the 1990s, set on organizational improvement and change. stage business process reengineering is defined as a essential to get fundamental business processe s, independent or organization units and information systems support, to determine if the underlying business processes laughingstock be signifi canfultly streamlined and improved by Langer (2008) and is based on operational objectives in order to improve performance. For instance a firm may wish to simplify their processes, improve discourse procedures or speed up their operational turnover (Sayegh 2005.) As mentioned previously the very nature of business process reengineering requires a circular flow of communication in order for business processes to continuously improve, as Guha et al (1993) suggested the process reengineering cycle to be implemented into organizations in order to quickly tweak any issues with a new process with a minimal delay on output. The resign of business process reengineering is still relatively new and so there are shadows for future improvements, as a significant focus now lies on not and creating the information systems but using them effectivel y. This requires what Earl et al (1995) cal lead alignment, that a process must not only be operation each(prenominal)y efficient it must also be aligned not only with the companys other materials and systems but also with the existing knowledge of the firms module. This view is supported by Burgelman et al (2008) who focused on the links between not only different perplexity levels but also between different strategic levels of the business. The suggestion by Burgelman et al being that organizational knowledge is unevenly spread and so needs to be aligned more thoroughly. According to Brynjolfsson and Renshaw (1997) business process reengineering does suffer from low success rates, due to a lack of tools for managing the change process. Brynjolfsson and Renshaw proposed utilising a matrix of change in order to help managers identify and palm with critical issues. In this sense the importance of organizational knowledge is evidently the weak link in making business process reen gineering reach its potential. Therefore much work has been done to attempt to bridge deck this success gap between the operational processes of a business and peoples ability to use them (see Khosrowpour 2006.) Attaran (2004) believed information technology to be a key element of a successful reengineering approach, citing Bill render comment on the 2000s focus being on velocity. Therefore it is feasible for a company to rely on information technology to understand processes if they operate in a curiously luxuriant paced industry like the example Bill Gates was referring to. In fact Johnson and Vitale (1998) believed innovations in information technology to be the future source of competitive advantage for firms, using examples of where it has been essential for business success for instance linking systems between an organizations diversified functional areas.Organizational knowledge is therefore seen to be one of few sources of a sustainable competitive advantage for modern firms. Tacit knowledge means that no two companies are the same (Collis and Montgomery 1995) and so as a dynamic capability knowledge appears to fulfil the needful criteria, seen by Ambrosini and Bowman (2002) as being difficult to imitate, difficult to substitute or bump off and being scarce. Especially vital in the modern business environment is the speed in which knowledge can be created or transferred, as Saint-Onge (1996) noted how a companys intellectual capital needs to be in line with rapid technological developments.This focus on human capital led Saint-Onge to cite the knowledge era of modern times. A key application for business process reengineering of this focus is the need to constantly reinvest in organizational knowledge, due to the attrition effects of competition decaying the casual equivocalness that knowledge creates (Reed and Defillippi 1990.) Therefore the real challenge for modern companies is how to undertake this required reinvestment in business process reengineering. Cavusgil and Calantone (2003) pointed out in their study on mum knowledge that the primary issue is sharing knowledge throughout the firm. Howells (1996) noted that in order to be fully apply tacit knowledge can be transferred on a variety of levels as in many cases knowledge should not only be transferred horizontally but vertically in firms, i.e. that managers must pass on their knowledge to their staff and vice versa. This vertical transfer is vital for informational systems as in many cases practicalities experienced by lour level staff are not considered by upper management. Due to the difficulty in representing tacit knowledge acknowledged by Lubit (2001) the suggestions on how to transfer knowledge throughout the firm focus on more informal means. Lubit believed favorable mechanisms to be the best option, citing how formalised processes will always leave gaps. as well Ambrosini and Bowman (2002) found that techniques such as individual questionnaires and storytelling were most suitable for demonstrating tacit knowledge.Description picture Aims and ObjectivesTo un hug relevant links between organizational knowledge and the firms business process reengineering, and the role of knowledge management in facilitating the reengineering process. To examine theoretical approaches to business process reengineering and empirical conclusion of their respective success rates. To investigate the impact of business process engineering on sustainable competitive advantage from a theoretical standpoint. Research methodological analysisDue to the theoretical approach being select in this study, secondary research would be utilised in accomplishing the aforementioned research objectives. Based on this approach, the study would adopt an interpretivist epistemology. According to Saunders et al (2007), Interpretivism is an epistemology that advocates that it is necessary for the researcher to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors. Interpretivism relates to how people make sense of the world around them, and how they interpret social phenomena. Compared to the positivist view, the interpretivist view relates essentially to the interpretation of decisions by those collecting data, and a common risk is that there may be issues of reliability and validity due to its subjective nature (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Based on recommendations by Collis and Hussey (2003), an inductive approach would also be utilized in conducting the research, as this involves analyzing the theoretical data concerning business process reengineering and competitive advantage, and drawing up a conclusion (after indepth analysis), on how both factors may be related.Data collection and analysis within this study would involve the taxonomical review of literature, reviewing previous studies on business process reengineering, knowledge management and competitive advantage to establish the relationship between all 3 variables, and asce rtain if and how they the reengineering of business processes could actually lead to an improved competitive advantage within an industry. through the combination of a number of results from a number of studies, the researcher hopes to uncover reasonable, reliable and valid insights into the subject area.Relevant databases such as affair Source Premier, Ingenta Connect and Emerald Insights would be utilized in finding these researches. Further research would also be conducted on institutes of business, such as those who may break statistics on how business processes affect competitive advantage. An entire subchapter would also be devoted to critiques of business process reengineering, particularly in its relevance to competitive advantage, as this allows for a balanced critical research and helps support the studys reliability. Secondary research has been adopted as opposed to primary research, as it essentially bases our findings on more extensive research that may have been don e in the past. These literatures are usually wider ranging and cover a lot more aspects of BRR than this research could have, if it adopted a primary approach.DeliverablesThis insure intends to deliver resolve conclusions and recommendations on the followingThe relationship between business process reengineering and knowledge management within organisational settings. Do they necessarily impact on one anotherDoes effective knowledge management particularly promote go bad results when processes are reengineered Empirical findings on the success and / or failure rates of business process reengineering activities that have been conducted over the past decades. These could be differentiated based on industries, and conditions, such as whether the organisations properly utilised information technology or knowledge management systems. Empirical or theoretical evidence suggesting that business process reengineering does promote sustainable competitive advantage. Particular emphasis woul d be placed on how it was over(p) and the secondary factors (such as information or knowledge management technology) that may have acted as catalysts. schedule Secondary research (literature search) to be completed within two weeks of the projects start. Cross-examination of literature is to be completed within a week of the final data being collected. This will encompass all of the data to spot any clear patterns. Checking of the discovered patterns to ensure their viability, reliability and generalisability will also be aimed to be completed within the same week that the original cross examination has been completed. The Introduction and Methodology chapters would be written within a week from when the data has been gathered. This would help in the structure of these chapters. The systematic literature review would be written up and conducted using the thematic approach. Meaning that each of the project deliverables would be separated into different themes and analysed as such.O verall project timeline A maximum of 4-5 weeks from starting to garner the relevant data to having a clear, presentable set of results.Resources RequiredNo hardware resources are required, eject for computer hardware to use in researching, analysing and writing up the project.Access to literature sources such as the journals mentioned above, and empirical results on business process reengineering may require library access to such journals and in-depth profit research. The researcher is confident that he has the skills to accomplish all of these.ReferencesAmbrosini, V. And Bowman, C. (2002) Tacit Knowledge Some Suggestions for Operationalization. Journal of management studies, Vol 38, theme 6, pp 811-829.Ansoff, H.I. and McDonnell, E.J. (1990) Implanting strategic management. Prentice Hall New York.Attaran, M. (2004) Exploring the relationship between information technology and business process reengineering. Information and management, Vol 41, pp 585-596.Barney, J. (1999) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, Vol 17, No 1, pp 99-120.Buhalis, D. And Owen, R. (2010) Business Process Reengineering. Business Process Management Journal, Vol 6, Issue 2, pp 113-121.Burgelman, R.A. Christensen, C.M. and Wheelwright, S.C. (2008) Strategic management of technology and innovation. McGraw- Hill / Irvin.Cavusgil, S.T. Calantone, R.J. Zhao, Y. (2003) Tacit knowledge transfer and firm innovation capability. Journal of business and industrial marketing, Vol 18, Issue 1, pp 6-21.Collis, D.J. and Montgomery, C.A. (1995) Competing on Resources Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, July-August.Earl, M.J. Sampler, J.L. and Short, J.E. (1995) Strategies for business process reengineering evidence from field studies. Journal of Management Information Systems, Volume 12, Issue 1 (June 1995.)Grint, K. (1994) Reengineering History Social Resonances and Business Process Reengineering. Organization, Vol 1, No 1, pp 179-201.Guha, S. Kett inger, W.J. and Teng, J.T.C. (1993) BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING Building a statewide Methodology. Information systems management, Vol 10, Issue 3.Howells, J. (1996) Tacit knowledge, innovation and technology transfer. Technology analysis and strategic management, Vol 8, No 2, pp 91-106.Kettinger, W.J. and Grover, K. (1995) peculiar(prenominal) section toward a theory of business process change management. Journal of management information systems, Vol 12, Issue 1 (June 1995.)Khosrowpour, M. (2006) Advanced topics in information resources management. Vol 5. Idea group publishing.Langer, A.M. (2008) Business process reengineering. Analysis and number of information systems.Lubit, R. (2001) Knowledge Management The Keys to Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Organizational dynamics, Vol 29, Issue 3, pp 164-178.Meed, J.W. Bots, P.W.G. and Sol, H.G. (1994) A hard result for soft problems A business engineering case study within the Amsterdam municipal natural law force. TCBAUS IF IP Information systems international working conference, Gold Coast, Australia.Osborne, T. (1997) Business process reengineering. PACIS 1997 Proceedings.Porter, M.E. (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard business review. Cited by Smit, P.J. (2000) Strategic planning Readings. Juta and Company Ltd.Reed, R. and Defillippi, R.J. (1990) Causal Ambiguity, Barriers to Imitation, and Sustainable Competitive Advantage. The academy of management review, Vol 15, No 1 (January 1990) pp 88-102.Saint-Onge, H. (1996) Tacit knowledge the key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital. Strategy and leadership, Vol 24, Issue 2, pp 10-16.Sayegh, F. (2005) Business process Reengineering. EFS Technical report No.21. (December 15th 2005.)