I Have A Dream Speech

I suck up A Dream SpeechMartin Luther queen astounded America with his past I have a dream diction communication. His demand for racial umpire and a unified society became mantra for the opprobrious community and is as cognize to successive Ameri lot generations as the US Declaration of Indep closureence. In his deliverance, might stresses upon equality and presents his dream of an ideal non-racist community.The speech is divided into both halves. The archetypal half shows the picture of seeing American nightmare of racial injustice rather than an idealized American dream. It then makes a demand for satisfy and set rough goals to achieve. The second half of the speech describes the dream of a better future racial integrity and equilibrium. king has a actu everyy sophisticated voice in the speech. He makes his speech effective by using several large and descriptive words rather than concisely and direct words. All around the speech, King intentions various metaphors such as America has apt(p) the Negro a bad check. The speech is say towards Kings fellow Americans.All over the speech, King make use of the words, our and we when he refers to others. This shows that he is non speaking specifically to the white or vitriolic Americans, only if to the country as a whole. This is supported by, moldiness not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for numerous of our white brothers their destiny is tied to ours, and in the line we cannot talk al unity.To development the rhetorical effect in his speech, King uses a rhetorical device, epanaphora in which words are repeated at the beginning of dwell clauses. A pattern is set by repeating the words twice, and make headway repetitions signify the sequence and increase rhetorical effect. For instance, I have a dream is repeated in eight successive sentences.Moreover, King has make the clever use of repetition of key theme words through by the body of his speech. For example king has used key wor ds interchangeable freedom, we, our, nation, America justice and dream, to highlight important themes he has tried to talk over in his speech.In addition to higher up, King has made extensive use of allusions in order to make his speech more credible. He dispirits his speech with five score years ago which refers to Abraham Lincolns famous speech which began similarly, intravenous feeding score and seven years ago This allusion is particularly emotional given that King was speaking at the front of Lincolns Memorial. His fourth paragraph, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of contentment is a reference to US Declaration of Independence. To provide moral home of his arguments, King uses numerous Biblical allusions. The allusion in the second paragraph, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity, refers to Pslams, For his anger is but for a moment his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. 305 Further in the eighth paragraph, the allusion Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by imbibing from the cup of hatred and bitterness alludes Jermiah for my people have committed two evils they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water. 213King provides numerous geographic references like Mississippi, Georgia, Albama, California, etc. throughout his speech. Mississippi is mentioned on four different occasions King has a logic and purpose behind this. He wants to evoke some of the strongest emotions and images for his audience relating to various incidents that would have taken place at the above mentioned places. Additionally, King uses generic geographic references like, slums and ghettos of our northern cities, the south, from every mountainside, and from every hamlet and every hamlet, thus making his message more inclusive.To associate his speech concepts with concrete images and emotions, King has used Metaphors. For example, to contrast separation with racial justice, King uses the contrasting metaphors of dark and desolate vale (of separation) and sunlit path (of racial justice). He used metaphors in paragraph two, joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity, at paragraph three, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast sea of material prosperity, at paragraph six, rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice, at paragraph seven, This swelter summer of the Negros legitimate discontent ordain not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality, and at paragraph nineteen, sweltering with the commove of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.Despite all the rhetorical devices King has used, what makes his speech strong is his focus on the problems he confronted. For instance, at the start of second of the speech, in answer to the q uestion from his cynics, When will you be satisfied? King launches a rhetorical pattern, We can never be satisfied until followed by list of injustices that King wished to see abolished, including, barbarism, separation, and die of voter rights. He unexpended no stone unturned in listing critical problems that African-American faced.Secondly, the power of his speech lies in the enrapturing vision of justice, equality, and brotherhood, that King cast in his speech. Here the rhetorical waves start with the popular, I have a dream, followed by gripping articulations of Kings vision of racial impartiality and justice I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creedThirdly, the strength of Kings words lie in the non-violent methods he purposed. Although King and his followers faced serious injustice, and there was a great difference between reality and vision King advocated, he remained unshaken in his commitment to non-violence. For exam ple, in the seventh paragraph, King said, We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into visible violence. again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.Carefully choosing the language and structure of his speech, King left little room for weaknesses. Although King focused his speech primarily for the rights of macabre Americans, the message is all logical. He talks about nothing moot in his speech neither does he degrade white Americans. He speaks for the best interests of everyone. This is why his speech is still considered so important by the Americans.Part of an extensive black movement, King challenged the white Americans to extend their claims of sincere freedom to his people. Moreover, King used all his means to inspire black Americans to believe in genuine freedom for themselves. The primary message from the speech was equality. America now bears the slogan of the message he gave decades back and black America ns are better than ever in the American society.(Word Count approx. 1200)

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl PhosphateThe hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by alkaline phosphatase enzyme is a first social club answer dependent on the tautness of NPP in dissolver. A numerical return of this reaction is nitrophenyl anion which has a high bomber absorptivity at 410nm. This blank space makes it relatively easy to observe this reaction as a bit of clip via a spectrophotometer. By observing the reaction as a carry of time it is possible to study the dynamics of this reaction and to jog how the sign reaction come in depends on the sign immersion of NPP. This kindred lot be heard by the Michaelis-Menton comp atomic number 18 which is described in some detail. It is found that, as expected, reaction roam increases with an increase in NPP compactness. The Eadie-Hofstee maculation is apply to linearize the info and to deem reasonable approximations for the Vmax and KM parameters found in the Michaelis-Menton comparison. A carry through involving the minimization of a 2 judge is used to determine the final treasures of these dickens parameters Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. These parameters produce a qualitatively strong fit for the info obtained and so the Michaelis-Menton equation reasonably accu grazely describes the relation between sign NPP submerging and reaction consec array. It is found, as expected, that the accompaniment of the inhibitor species phosphate settles the rate of NPA formation. The proscription invariable KI obtained from the app bent KM cling to of the Michaelis-Menton equation. By averaging the KI harbor for some(prenominal) immersions of inhibitor, = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M.IntroductionAlkaline phosphatases are common enzymes found in places such as the mammalian intestine and the bacterium Escherichia coli. They are a family of two-subunit homologous enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of a prodigious spectrum of phosphate monoesters to phosphate and sluggish grain s. Be courting they catalyze a large variety of hydrolysis reactions, they are said to be non-specific. This reaction disregard be expressed as delineates where R is individually organic compoundR-OPO32- + H2O R-OH + HPO42- (1)By removing the phosphate, R becomes a apathetic species that may more(prenominal) easily serve to facilitate transport of nutrients crossways cell membranes or other biological house concealing physical processes. Alkaline phosphatases bottom also be used to remove phosphate groups from DNA molecules which all in allows for diametric manipulations of DNA.It is instructive to examine the kinetics of this reaction in site to more fully understand certain biochemical processes. Alkaline phosphatses are large molecules with a certain number of active sites in which the hydrolysis of smaller molecules is catalyzed. aspiration for the active site of these enzymes is oneness aspect which may affect the kinetics of the reaction. We leave behind examin e the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by the E. coli alkaline phosphatase at a pH of 10.6 at room temperature. In particular, the maximum velocity Vmax and the Michaelis regular KM of the reaction are reckond and the effect of the product HPO42- as an inhibitor is examined.TheoryThe initial rate, or the initial velocity, v of enzyme-catalyzed reactions has been observed to follow first state kinetics. That is, the rate of the reaction depends solitary(prenominal) on the initial substratum engrossment. However, this lonesome(prenominal) holds true at low determine of substratum concentration and levels reach to a maximum velocity V at large concentrations. The general form for the way in which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction is a noncovalent association of the substratum molecule to the enzyme followed by some catalytic steps that result in the product being released from the enzyme.S + E ES E + P (2)The enzyme concentration is almost always more smaller than the concentration of the substratum. Due to this, precise quickly equilibrium will be reached where, as soon as product is released from the enzymes active site, a new substrate molecule will enter the active site. At this production of ES is said to be saturated, meaning it has a invariable value which does not change with time.(3)This is said to be the steady state, or bottleneck, look into where all active enzyme sites are occupied. From this condition and the fact that matter is conserved, one potty derive the rate law(4)This is the Michaelis-Menton equation, where the Michaelis constant KM=(k-1 + k2)/k1. This value in a physical context is the substrate concentration middle(prenominal) between zero substrate and the concentration at which the reaction rate has become saturated. likewise in the equation Vmaxk2E0 which is said to be the maximum velocity of the reaction. Here, v is the rate of the steady state enzyme reaction.In vow to measure the reaction rates, the concen tration of product or substrate essential be observed as a incline of time. It is expected that the concentration vs. time spell will be initially linear until the substrate is beginning to be used up where it would therefore level off to a constant value. p-nitrophenyl phosphate is chosen as the substrate because a product of its dephosphorylation, nitrophenolate anion has a high molar absorptivity in the unrelenting wavelengths of visible light. This allows for the use of Beers Law to calculate concentration of the product from the absorbance at a specific wavelength of light.A410 = 410,NPA l cNPA (5)Here, A is the absorbance at a wavelength of 410nm, l is the light path through the solution, is the molar absorptivity of the solution and c is the concentration. Thus, by observing the change in absorbance as a hold out of time, it is possible to observe the increase in product as a function of time.Once the reaction rates at each initial substrate concentration are known, it is prerequisite to determine the parameters Vmax and KM in the Michaelis-Menton equation ( equation 4) in order to fit the data to a mathematical trend. This nonlinear fit is difficult to make without first having reasonable estimates of Vmax and KM. However, by rearranging Equation 4, it is possible to linearize the equation such that reasonable approximations of the parameters kindle be obtained by coifing a simple linear least-squares throwback. matchless such linearization produces the Eadie-Hofstee fleck of the formv = Vmax KM (6)This equation can be used to give reasonable approximations of the two parameters, which can then be optimized to produce the set of Vmax and KM. This optimization is performed by analyse the estimated rate from Equation 4 apply the approximate determine for the two parameters to the actual rate at different concentrations. A 2 is defined to be the sum of the deviations from the actual observations. A computer can be used to minimize this value by varying Vmax and KM where the determine for these two parameters at the minimized 2 are the best approximations. The faulting in these value is found by minimizing the 2 at several determine of Vmax and KM by varying the other parameter. A bandage of these points can be used to determine the 95% confidence intervals for these values. competitive inhibition is the process by which molecules that resemble the substrate can mystify to the active site of the enzyme, establishing a competition between the substrate and this molecule for active sites on the enzyme. HPO4- is a product of the hydrolysis of NPP which acts as an inhibitor to the enzyme reaction. The effect of the addition of phosphate on the rate can be expressed as follows(7)Here, all variables are the same as in Equation 4, where KI is the inhibition constant.ExperimentAn Ocean Optics USB 400 spectrophotometer is used to take all absorbance readings. All parts of the experiment take place at atmospheric press ure and are open air. In order to establish a basis of similarity, the absorbance at 410 nm is taken for nitrophenolate anion, NPA, the pure product of the enzyme reaction. From this, the molar absorptivity constant can be determined for NPA which can be used to determine the concentration of NPA in solution. Several solutions with a appreciation of concentrations of the substrate nitrophenyl phosphate, NPP, are necessary to observe the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the enzyme reaction. The concentrations are chosen such that they span the vagabond of the Michaelis-Menton plot. Upon the addition of enzyme to each solution, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is recorded by taking the absorbance reading at 410 nm at each time step. The reaction for each initial NPP concentration is charted for a sufficiently long time such that an accurate least-squares fit can be made for the plot of concentration as a function of time. From this plot, the initial re action rates for each NPP concentration can be determined and fit to an Eadie-Hofstee plot to determine approximate values for V and KM. To observe the inhibiting effect of phosphate on the enzyme reaction, several solutions with a tend of phosphate concentrations all with equal concentrations of NPP must be prepared. Then, upon the addition of enzyme to the solutions, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is observed via the absorbance readings. It is necessary to keep the initial substrate concentration constant in this part so that the variation in the reaction rate can be attributed to barely the variation in phosphate concentration.Discussion of ResultsAs expected, increasing the initial substrate concentration served to increase the rate of product formation in the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate by an alkaline phosphatase enzyme. This can be seen clearly in token 1 where the slope of the graph of product (NPP) concentration as a function of time increases as e nzyme concentration increases. For the trials with the three highest initial substrate concentrations, the enzyme concentration was fractional that used in e precise other run, meaning that the rate of reaction for these trials must be doubled for comparison purposes. This explains why the slopes of these lines are approximately half of what would be expected in approximate 1. soma The plot demonstrates that as substrate concentration increases, so likewise does the rate of product formationIn order to determine the rate of reaction, a trice order trend is fit to the data where the linear term in the equation is taken to be the rate of product formation. A due southond order least squares lapsing is used to fit the data because the rate of reaction is not truly constant over the timeframe observed. It is expected that the data will have a very slight negative concavity as, by Equation 2, the substrate concentration is decreasing at the same rate as the increase in NPA, leavin g less NPP to form the enzyme-substrate complex which produces NPA. This means that the rate should step-down as a function of time the second order regression is used to correct for this fact, leaving the linear term to describe the rate of reaction. Figure 2 (attached) displays the approximate second order trends for NPA concentration as a function of time for each initial NPP concentration. These are only approximate trends as these may not be rigorously calculated, and in any case are over a smaller lop than that used in subsequent calculations. A more rigorous second order least-squares regression is performed to obtain the reaction rates for each initial substrate concentration. The rates along with the standard deviations for each rate are tabulated in mesa 1. As stated previously, it has clearly been shown that as initial substrate concentration is increased, so too does the rate of the reaction. Additionally, the second order linear trend provides a very strong fit to th e data. This is show by the fact that the standard deviations of the rates are all 8 or 9 orders of magnitude smaller than the rate, meaning there is very little variance in the data from the trend calculated. submit 1 Enzyme reply Rate as a function of Substrate concentrationS0/MRate (M/sec)Rate SD3.23E-033.94E-071.25E-151.61E-033.52E-072.50E-168.06E-042.96E-074.54E-164.03E-042.40E-074.77E-162.42E-041.73E-072.73E-161.45E-041.29E-072.58E-176.45E-057.97E-087.56E-173.23E-054.13E-084.78E-17Once the rates at each initial NPP concentration are known, it is possible to attempt to describe the initial rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of initial substrate concentration. This relation can be described by Equation 4, and so the parameters Vmax and KM must be obtained. As stated previously, it is difficult to perform a nonlinear regression to describe rate as a function of time without having reasonably close guesses for these two parameters. By the process described previously wher eby Equation 5 is used to linearize the data, we obtain the Eadie-Hostee plot displayed in Figure 3.Figure 3 The Eadie-Hofstee plot linearizes the data such that estimates of Vmax and Km can be obtainedAs can be seen in the figure, this method produces a roughly linear plot. By do a linear least squares fit on the data, we can obtain guesses for the two parameters. Equation 6 makes it apparent that the slope of the plot is -KM and the turn back is Vmax. An analysis of the units bears this out Vmax has units of M/sec (as does the rate because Vmax is the maximum initial rate of reaction at which the enzyme becomes completely saturated), and KM has units of M (as does substrate concentration because KM is the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax). The intercept and slope of the graph also have units of M/sec and M, respectively. From the plot, it is estimated that KM = 2.90*10-4 M and Vmax = 4.10*10-7 M/sec. Using these values for the parameters in the Micha elis-Menton equation (4), a decent fit of the data is obtained as seen in Figure 4. However, it is clear from the plot that the values for some(prenominal) parameters are too low. The plot begins to approach a value which is too low as the plot from the formula falls below the final data point. This suggests that the value of Vmax is too low. Additionally, the plot rises too quickly at low substrate concentrations which would cause KM to occur too early, as does the lower value of Vmax.Figure 4 The approximate values of Vmax and Km from the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce only a rough fit of the dataThese apparent inaccuracies in the values of Vmax and KM are most likely resulted from the fact that the Eadie-Hostfee plot does not use two separate variables on each axis. However, clearly these values are relatively close to the correct value as the plot roughly fits the data. By the process described previously, a computer can be used to produce more accurate values of Vmax and KM by min imizing the 2 value, which is the sum of the squares of the deviations from the data by the value predicted in the formula. Minimizing 2 by varying the two parameters gives the values in Table 2.Table 2 Comparison of Vmax and Km values from Eadie-Hofstee plot and non-linear regressionEadie-HofsteeNon-linear Reg.Pos ErrorNeg ErrorVmax (M/sec)4.10E-074.28E-07.32E-07.28E-07Km/M2.90E-043.33E-04.47E-04.58E-04As expected, the values of both parameters have increased, where Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and where KM = 3.33*10-4. The positive and negative misconducts for these two parameters are obtained by the process described above. At different values of each parameter, the 2 value is minimized while varying only the other variable. The plots of this process are appended. The confidence interval is taken to be 4.28*2 that is the values at which these graphs cross this value corresponds to the lower and upper limits of each parameter. This error is also recorded in Table 2. Then by using Equation 4 , one can use the multiplicative formula for error to determine error veto for the data points. These errors are tabulated in Table 3 for each initial substrate concentration.Table 3 Enzyme Reaction Rate as a function of Substrate concentration with Errors from Km and VmaxS0/MRate (M/sec)pos errorneg error3.23E-033.94E-076.29E-087.33E-081.61E-033.52E-075.62E-086.55E-088.06E-042.96E-074.73E-085.51E-084.03E-042.40E-073.83E-084.47E-082.42E-041.73E-072.76E-083.22E-081.45E-041.29E-072.06E-082.40E-086.45E-057.97E-081.27E-081.48E-083.23E-054.13E-086.60E-097.68E-09Using these corrected values for Vmax and KM, a more accurate formula to describe the data is obtained. Figure 5 clearly shows that the plot using these new values provides a much better fit to the data than does the plot of the approximate values for the parameters. All of the issues seen in the first plot are no time-consuming present, and the formula clearly falls well within the error bars on each data point. Despite lacking a numeric means of expressing the quality of the fit, it is possibly to qualitatively state by flavor at the plot that the formula with the determined parameter values closely matches the experimental data.Figure 5 The optimized values of Vmax and Km from the estimates given by the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce a strong fitFinally, having confidence in the ability for the Michaelis-Menton equation to describe the effect of initial concentration on the rate of reaction, it is possible to study the effect of the addition of an inhibitor species on the rate of the reaction. Keeping the initial concentration of substrate fixed, the concentration of inhibitor in solution was varied. As would be expected, the addition of inhibitor species greatly reduced the rate of product formation. This is shown in Table 4.Table 4 Determination of mean inhibition costant KiI/MRate (M/sec)Km app/MKi/M02.40e-73.33e-403.23E-032.34E-086.84E-031.62E-046.45E-031.69E-089.80E-032.27E-049.68E-037.61E-092.14E-0 21.47E-04S/MAvg Ki/M1.79E-044.03E-04SE.25E-04Also observed is that the addition of more inhibitor species results in an increasingly reduced rate of product reaction. This makes sense because as more inhibitor species exists in solution, there are more molecules that can bind to the enzymes active sites, thereby inhibiting the formation of the enzyme-substrate that is necessary for product formation. As a result of the rate decreasing as the inhibitor concentration is increased, the apparent KM value greatly increases. This makes sense because the substrate would have to be significantly more concentrated to effectively fight and reach the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax. From Equation 7, it is possible to calculate the value of KI from the inhibitor concentration, the rate and Vmax. Averaging the values of KI for each inhibitor concentration gives a = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M.ConclusionThe alkaline enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate is a first order reaction that depends on the initial concentration of substrate in solution when the concentration of enzyme is kept constant. A second order least-squares regression gives the initial rate of reaction as a function of time, where the rate of product formation increases as the initial concentration of substrate increases. The Eadie-Hosfstee plot was used to approximate the parameters Vmax and KM that are necessary to describe the relation between substrate concentration and rate of reaction. Optimizing these parameters through the minimization of a X2 value gives Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. The error in these parameters can be determined by each parameter separately to minimize the X2 value at different values for each parameter. These values for the parameters in the Michaelis-Menton equation produce a qualitatively strong fit for the data. The addition of an inhibitor species served to decrease the rate of product formation where the increase in inhibitor con centration results in a decrease in rate. Using the Michaelis-Menton equation, the inhibition constant KI is found to be = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M.

Deviance in sport

Deviance in rollickDeviance in SportI would prefer nonetheless to peter out with honor than to win by cheating. Sophocles.Could you find people who recover alike Sophocles flatadays? Ancient Greek said about global occupation that birth covered whole life branches outright and even gained the sport. unluckily people ready to do everything to win and often this everything means deviance. new possibilitys well show that even sport stars exercise unfair actions to make water their aims. Whoever would have thought that Thierry hydrogen, popular footballer, will cheat to qualify into the summers knowledge domain loving cup or rule-1 Renault team driver Nelson lookout man Jr will make crock up to help his team-mate wins. Two very different lovables of sport however linked with one serious theme deviance.Cheating it isnt unreserved rules violation, it is morals failure, when sportsmen put themselves above other people, make unfair advantage. And its doesnt matter how they make it, its more important why people do that, why they square off to take cheating way. Generally they want to be the best, to get rewards, capital and popularity. Cheating is a big issue and actual nowadays. Firstly, because its an unfair endorse that is an infringement. Secondly, it makes competitions senseless, because it breaks the general sense of competition, wins not the strongest sportsman just now cheater. Thirdly, it covers all realism countries and even involves politicians, how it recently happened with football match between France and Ireland. About this incident people discus every day and Thierry total heat became public enemy.Henry could have been a hero. But hes a cheat. Richard Williams.It was last match legal proceeding and France was losing 0-1 when Thierry Henry had an excellent chance to make the perfect goal finical to his team-mate and he done it. Whole should be well, except Henry stop the ball with his hand that is unacceptable in football. Referee didnt describe it and France has able into next year valet Cup final. Of course, lot of people think that Henry is a hero because he has saved national team, solely how? He cheated However, some people believe that is wasnt intention action, but simple reflex. Nevertheless he touched the ball twice. Why he did it and why FIFA on the France side in this problem? To answer this questions lets make miniscule research. France national team twelve times was participated in World Cup final and once won it in 1998, two times was UEFA EURO maven (1984,2000), lot of other rewards and now is taking 7th gear up in FIFAs World Ranking. What about Ireland? Only three times participated in World Cup final without successful results and now is taking 36th place in FIFA ranking. Now it becomes clear that France has greater influence and authority than junior-grade Ireland. Result above face cheating, replaying decline, France into World Cup. However Thierry Henry apologised for his handball even said Of course the fairest solution would be to replay the game but it is not in my control. There is little more I nates do apart from admit that the ball had contact with my hand guide up to our equalising goal and I feel very sorry for the Irish. I have said at the time and I will vocalise again that, yes, I handled the ball. But this apologises will not help him now and we will see fans abusing soon. Lets take another example. Absolutely different kind of sport, Formula-1, where some month ago was happened big scandal. Simon Barnes Nelson Piquet Jr, son of the eponymic three-times world champion, a young man desperate to make his wampum on the sport and yet struggling to keep up with its demands, was told to have an accident at the Singapore Grand Prix last September. As a result of his crash, Piquets team-mate, Fernando Alonso, was able to win a race he would differently have not, taking advantage of the safety procedures that are laid surmount in Formula O ne. From one hand it looks two different cheatings. Formula One driver has risked with his and other drivers life, because it is very dangerous to make crash in racing and history knows forty-five world drivers that have died in the accidents. In due course, Henry cheated without any risk for his health. Fact that Nelson Piquet Jr didnt cheated willfully, because he carried out Renault teams instructions, but Henry decided to win unfairly by his own mind. That means in Formula One we see simple manipulation by principal, that so often happens also in political life. Simon Barnes That is what happens when leading commercial concerns get mixed up in sport their ultimate goal is profits, not sporting success. Terrible but true. Nelson Piquet Jr was a victim and he didnt obtain any profit from this hidden cheating. Hidden because all people knew about it only later on 1 year, but situation with Henry was very visual. Thousands of spectators, TV watchers and earnings surfers saw this cheating. However Henry didnt show it, he celebrated teams marker like nothing unfair happened. Next day mass-media has been overflowed by articles and big statements. Even politicians have started to interfere to the match result. The positive thing that Henry agreed that he has broke rules, but its impossible to change anything now and France became Irelands enemy number one. REFERENCEShttp//www.fifa.com

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Vasculitis

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of dermal VasculitisArticle Type OriginalTitle Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of epidermic Vasculitis A Retrospective Study of 62 casesRunning Title A Clinico-pathological study of cutaneal vasculitisAuthors Nadia Shirazi*, Rashmi Jindal, Neha Tyagi*, Samarjit Roy, Meena Harsh,* Sohaib AhmadAffiliation Department of *Pathology, Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Himalayan build of Medical Sciences. SRH University. Jolly Grant. Dehradun. Uttarakhand. IndiaCorresponding Author Dr. Nadia ShiraziABSTRACTContext cuticular Vasculitis is the inflammation of vessel walls which leads to hemorrhagic or ischemic events. The histopathological potpourri of epidermal vasculitis depends on the vessel size and the predominate immune cell mediating the inflammation. endeavor We examine the etiological factors and clinico-pathological spectrum of patients with dermic vasculitis at a tertiary referral rivet of north India.Design Skin biopsies of all patients with clinically suspected cuticular vasculitis give waying over 5 years , between 2009-2014 were reviewed. cuticular vasculitis was classify on the basis of etiology ( uncomplicated or secondary), on the basis of size of vessel wall as well as on the dominant unhealthy cell infiltrating the vessels.Results Over 5 years, 62 / 103 patients evaluated for vasculitic syndromes had histologicly proven vasculitis. clinically, vasculitis was primary election (77.4%) or secondary (22.5%) to drugs, infections, underlying connective create from raw material diseases and malignancy. Neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18), eosinophilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4) vasculitis were the major histopathological radicals. Small vessel involvement was seen in 97% cases.Conclusion Skin biopsy frame the gold standard for diagnosing cutaneous vasculitis. Small vessel vasculitis is the some crude type of cutaneous vasculitis with the dominant cell type being neutrophilic. eosinoph ilic infiltrate was exclusively associated with primary vasculitis.Keywords Cutaneous vasculitis, Small vessel vasculitis, Skin biopsyINTRODUCTIONCutaneous vasculitis (CV) is an incitive process of the vessels leading to the destruction of their wall with subsequent hemorrhagic features with or without ischemic necrosis.1 The incidence of cutaneous vasculitis ranges from 15.4 to 29.7 cases per million per year.2,3 The condition usually affects adults with a slight female pre mastery, however, all ages may be afflicted. CV is classified histo-morphologically on the basis of size of vessel affected ( humble or intermediate vessel vasculitis) and on the basis of the dominant cell mediating inflammation- neutrophilic/leukocytoclastic, lymphocytic, eosinophilic and granulomatous. On the basis of etiology, they are classified as primary/idiopathic or secondary to an underlying cause like drug induced, connective tissue disorders, infections, malignancy, etc.Vasculitis in a medium or lar ge vessel is defined as presence of inflammatory cells within their walls, whereas in small vessels diapedesis of diverse leukocytes often take place and this criteria alone is non signifi plentyt. It mustiness be associated with signs of vessel damage, such as fibrin within the walls, thrombi or endothelial necrosis. Veins are involved more commonly than arterioles. clinically, CV can present with a variety of signs and symptoms like urticaria, palpable peliosis, ulcers, maculopapular flower, nodules, hemorrhagic vesicles, etc. It can be bourned to skin or manifest in opposite harmoniums like kidney, lungs and heart. Due to this myriad of presentations, CV can imitate a variety of other dermatological and systemic diseases. Skin biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitis complemented by clinical info and relevant haematological and immunologic investigations. In this article, we will be presenting the histopathological spectrum of cutaneous v asculitis at a single ticker of north India.MATERIALS AND METHODSAll patients with clinical suspicion of cutaneous vasculitis attending the dermatology OPD between August 2009 and July 2014 at a single tertiary referral centre of north India were included. An informed consent was interpreted wherever possible in writing. Approval was obtained from the institutes question committee for compiling the info from the hospital records. A punch biopsy, 4mm in depth was taken from the edge of the lesion. Though efforts were made to collect close to of the biopsies within 48 hours of appearance of the suspected vasculitic lesion, a few patients presented as late as 1 -2 weeks. These biopsies were routinely processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Serial sections were taken in which no vasculitis was identified on sign section. Elastic tissue staining to assess the damage to the elastic lamina in muscular vessels was also performed. Simultaneously, a hemogram, electron sp in resonance, kidney and liver functions, rheumatoid factor and immunological tests like ANA and ANCA were also carried out for assessment. Direct immunoflourescence (DIF) could not be undertaken in any case due to poor patient affordability and lack of infrastructure. Patients with thrombopenia (RESULTSOver 5 years a total of 480 skin biopsies were studied out of which 103 cases were performed in those with clinically suspected vasculitis. However, 62 out of these 103 cases were histologically confirmed to have vasculitis the remaining had unremarkable and non-specific histologic features. Those with positive histological features had a mean age of 44.5 years range 6-83 years with the male to female ratio of 1.11. The maximum number of patients (n=15) were seen in the age group 31-40 years followed by those in the second decade. Clinically vasculitis was primary (n=48, 77.4%) or secondary (n=14 22.5%). ( elude I)History of drug intake and presence of recent upper respiratory tract infection was seen in 7 and 3 patients respectively. The commonest offending drugs were antibiotics of -lactam group and analgesics followed by anti-histaminics. Connective tissue disorders (n=3) and malignancy (n=1) were also found to be the cause of secondary vasculitis. Clinically palpable purpura was the most common finding followed by maculopapular rash.(Figure I). Three-quarters of granulomatous vasculitis presented clinically with symptoms of allergic granulomatosis 25% (n=4/17) of leukocytoclastic vasculitis presented clinically with features of microscopic polyangiitis. Among the haematological parameters, a raised ESR was the most consistent finding. (Tables II ternion).Most of these were small vessel (venules and arterioles) vasculitis (n=60, 97%). only if 2 cases showed medium vessel vasculitis particularly associated with panniculitis. Depending upon the dominant cell mediating inflammation, the dominant cell type was neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18), eosinop hilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4). Histopathological evaluation in neutrophilic vasculitis showed transmural percolation of vessel wall with neutrophils (Figure II). Fibrinoid necrosis, neutrophilic debris with or without extravasated red cells were features of leucocytoclastic vasculitis. lymphocytic vasculitis is shown in Figure III. Epithelioid granulomas were seen surrounding and destroying the vessel wall in granulomatous vasculitis with transmural vessel wall infiltration by lymphocytes and polymorphs (Figure IV). Medium vessel vasculitis showed infiltration by neutrophils in vessel wall which was associated with septal panniculitis. (Figure V).Six of the 10 cases with urticarial vasculitis had an eosinophilic infiltrate the remaining showed lymphocytes predominantly. Clinically most cases (n=8 47%) of idiopathic vasculitis were of neutrophilic type. Drug reaction was the commonest cause of secondary vasculitis (n=7) and most of these (n=4, 57%) showed lymphocytic infiltra te (Table IV).DISCUSSIONCutaneous vasculitis presents as a Mosaic of clinical and histological findings due to varied pathogenic mechanisms.3 Even in the presence of suggestive dermatological lesions, biopsy showed histological features in nearly 60% cases. We discovered primary vasculitic syndromes leading to cutaneous histologic changes in 77% of all cases. Joint pain and swelling was the main presenting feature, palpable purpura and maculopapular rash were the predominant clinical cutaneous markers and raised ESR was a consistent feature. Mostly small vessels were affected and neutrophils predominated in infiltrates. However, on that point was a substantial overlap in the calibre of the vessel, the cellular infiltrate and the clinical diagnosis.Our observations corroborate with the case series of Carlson et al in terms of the dominance of primary vasculitis and lack of organ involvement.3 Raised ESR was also ascertained by Ekenstam et al and Gupta et al.4, 5 Arthralgia was the commonest systemic manifestation also observed by Gupta et al. 5 Neural and renal involvement was seen in 15 (24.1%) and 18 (29%) patients respectively in our series. Earlier studies showed visceral involvement is seen in 6, 7, 8 Fatal disease occurs in a minority (3, 8Different therapeutic approaches are the main reason for sub-classifying vasculitis. Avoidance or treatment of the causative factor may cure or limit the activity of secondary vasculitis whereas immunosuppressive therapy is the treatment of choice for primary vasculitis. apt(p) this broad range of presentations of cutaneous vasculitis and the numerous disorders that can mimic vasculitis, it is not surprising that it is difficult to correctly and confidently classify these patients. 9 soon the most widely adopted vasculitis classification system is that of Chapel cumulus Consensus Conference (CHCC) which is found on pathologic criteria . 10 The other widely used system is that of the American College of genus Rhe umatology (ACR) which is based on clinical findings. 11-18 As yet, no ideal system of classification exists for vasculitis. 3, 19, 20The most evaluate classification is one which distinguishes between primary and secondary vasculitis, recognizes the dominant furrow vessel size involved as well as incorporates patho-physiological markers such as direct immune-fluorescence (DIF) and ANCA.21,22 Therefore the classification of cutaneous vasculitis into specific syndromes is beat out first approached morphologically by determining vessel size and mind inflammatory response. 3This is the first case series classifying cutaneous vasculitis based on the vessel calibre and histo-morphologic features from the north Indian state of Uttarakhand. Though, the referral centre caters to a million people, this data cannot be extrapolated to the general population as the people are treated in the periphery by practitioners, the data of which is non-existent. A major limitation of our study was the non-availability of direct immunofluorescence which is considered very consequential for delineating the immunoglubulin type. Nevertheless, since this facility is not available in most of the Indian subcontinent and there is a lack of expertise in the field of dermatopathology, our data merits attention. proofVasculitis occurs as a primary disorder or secondary to various medical conditions, the treatment differing accordingly. The severity may range from a self-limited condition to a life threatening disorder with multiple organ failure. Skin biopsy is an important tool in arriving at a unequivocal diagnosis duly complemented by clinical features, pertinent laboratory data, serologic evaluation, ANCA with or without direct immunofluorescence.REFERENCES1. Carlson JA, Cavaliere LE, Grant-Kels JM. Cutaneous Vasculitis diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol 2006 24 414-29.2. subgenus subgenus Chen KR, Carlson JA. Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis. Am. J Clin Dermatol 2008 9 71-92.3. Carlson JA, Ng BT, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update diagnostic criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2005 27 (6) 504-28.4. Ekenstam E, Callen JP. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis-clinical and laboratory features of 82 patients seen in private practice. Arch Dermatol 1984120 484-95. Gupta S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ, Radotra BD, Minz RW. Cutaneous Vasculitides Clinico-pathological correlation. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 200975356-626. Fiorentino DF. Cutaneous Vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003 48(3) 311-407. Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update small vessel neutrophilic vasculitis syndromes. Am J Dermatopathol 2006 28(6) 486-5068. Thai YJ, Chang AH, Williams RA et al. Retrospective analysis of adult patients with cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Australas J Dermatol 2006 47(2) 92-69. Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous pseudovasculitis. Am J Dermatopathol 2007 29(1) 44-55.10. Je nnette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33 (8) 1135-6.11. Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA et al. The American college of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis Summary. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33(8)1135-6.12. Leavitt Ry, Fauci AS, Bloch DA et al. The American college of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of wegeners granulomatosis.199033(8)1101-713. Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss Syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angitis). Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1094-10014. Hunder GG, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1122-815. Mills JA, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Henoch-Sc honlein purpura. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1114-21.16. Calabrese LH, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of hypersensitivity vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1108-13.17. Lightfoot Jr RW, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1088-93.18. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990 33(8) 1129-34.19. Callen JP. Cutaneous vasculitis what have we learned in the past 20 years? Arch Dermatol 1998134(3)355-720. Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Do vasculitis categorization systems authentically matter? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000 2(5) 430-821. Sunderkotter C, Sindritaru A. Clinical classification of vasculitis. Eur J Dermatol 2006 16(2)114-24.22. Watts RA, Scott DG. Classification and epidemiology of the vasculit ides. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997 11 (2) 191-217Table I. Causes of vasculitis in our study (n=62)CausesNumber (%)HistomorphologyPrimary48 (77.4)Neutrophilic (n=22)lymphocytic (n=13)eosinophilic (n=10)granulomatous (n=3)Secondary14 (22.5)Drugs7 (50)Neutrophilic (n=3)Lymphocytic (n=3)Eosinophilic (n=1)Infections3 (21.4)Neutrophilic (n=2)granulomatous (n=1)Connective tissue disorders3 (21.4)Lymphocytic (n=3)malignancy1 (7.1)Neutrophilic (n=1)Table II Clinical features of cases with histologically proven vasculitisClinical featureNumber (%)Arthralgia/ arthritis45 (72.5)Palpable purpura34 (54.8)Maculopapular rash18 (29.0)Fever15 (24.1)Urticaria12 (19.3)Nodule4 (6.4)Papule4 (6.4)Ulcer2 (3.2)Haematuria1 (1.6)Table III Laboratory parameters of patients of patients with histologically proven vasculitisParameterPositiveNegative non doneAnemia123020Raised ESR5012Leukocytosis with neutrophilia113120Eosinophilia43820Thrombocytopenia84212Kidney function tests458ANA122228anti-ds DNA62828ANCA164 6CRP122624Anti HCV557ASO titre81539Table IV Association of histomorphological diagnosis with clinical impressionHISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSISclinical DIAGNOSISPrimary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n=48)Neutrophilic / Leukocytoclastic (n=22)Vasculitis(n=8)Pustular dermatosis (n=5)Microscopic polyangiitis (n=4)Rheumatoid vasculitis (n=2)Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1)Erythema Elevatun Diutinum (n=1)Henoch-Schonlein peliosis (n=1)Lymphocytic (n=13)Chronic Urticaria (n=4)Perniosis (n=3)Pityriasis Lichenoides (n=2)Atrophie Blanche (n=2)Erythema Annulare Centrifugum (n=1)Polymorphous Light Eruptions (n=1)Eosinophilic (n=10)Urticarial vasculitis (n=6)Prurigo nodularis (n=2)Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1)Granuloma faciale (n=1)Granulomatous (n=3)Allergic granulomatosis (n=2)Churg-Strauss Syndrome (n=1)Secondary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n= 12)Neutrophilic (n=6)Drug reaction (n=3)Behcets disease (n=1)Sweets syndrome (n=1)Acute neutrophilic dermatosis (n=1)Lymphocytic (n=5)Drug reaction (n=4)Dis coid lupus erythematosis (n=1)Granulomatous (n=1)Wegeners granulomatosis (n=1)Medium vessel vasculitis (n=2)Neutrophilic (n=2)Polyarteritis Nodosa (n=2)LEGENDSFigure I Palpable purpuraFigure II H E (20x10X) Neutrophilic vasculitisFigure III HE (10x10X) Lymphocytic vasculitisFigure IV HE (20x 10X) Granulomatous vasculitisFigure V HE (20x10X) Medium vessel vasculitis with panniculitis

Diaper Market in India

table napkin Market in IndiaBirth tell restrain declined in the developed world and that has make up unfavorable for the nappy manufacturers to expand their businesses. Internation anyy, birth rates in the developed nations confound declined by 20% during the fail 30 geezerhood and ar this instant wholly half the global average.The global securities industry for table napkins was worth $22.2 billion, a 2.9% ontogeny Year on Year. But the study securities industrys of Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan account decline. As a result, companies like Procter Gamble and Kimberly Clark atomic number 18 banking much on vicissitude to their rescue. This has been a major contri besidesor of winner for PG in the bypast a couple of(prenominal) days.There is pee conductly developed concentrate on ontogenesis artless food securities industry place places, which derives 40% of global serviette revenue. Markets such as Russia and mainland China argon providing bran ds with excellent opportunities for longer full term harvest-home.It is besides remarkable to settle the trend in the developed markets towards greener results as shown in the chart at a lower placeDiaper Market in Developing CountryThere is enormous growth dominance for nappy harvests in emerge markets such as China, Brazil and India, as these markets be free quite lowdeveloped and in the nascent stage. While it has interpreted advanced Western economies virtually clip to realize the environmental toll of their development this is not the campaign for todays emerging nations. In this case even the global recession pass on modify China to have more(prenominal) time to better make arrangements for considering more sustainable and greener options for its growth.Middle-class is at the forefront of environmental sensation as the environmental consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization in countries such as China and India are becoming increasely appar ent in addition in countries such as India, the Philippines and Malaysia, levels of consumer awareness regarding hygienics crossroads are very assuage very low.Indian Diaper MarketIn 2009, manufacturers have been now more foc engross upd on more categories such as mapable napkins. With the increase buying power of Indian consumers, companies are airing for options which are more convenient and safe to use for the children. Increase in awareness about hygiene is a big factor for thus development.some(a) of the major development last year is as followsProcter Gamble hygienics Health Care Ltd introduced Pampers Magic NickersKimberly-Clark lever Ltd introduced Huggies New natural(p), a product specifically buttocksing the m other(a)s of new innate(p) babies.With change magnitude awareness regarding the advantages of utilize the use of fluid diapers over material substitutes, Indian parents are now expense more on get such products which in turn light-emitting diode to an increase in gross sales value for the manufacturers. Convenience has been bingle of the capricious factors in this change. compensate in tier 2 towns and cities, parents are free to spend money on fluid diapers to use when the corrupt is taken out of the home, for added convenience.Also as babies get older, some offspring mothers look to go back to work. This encouraged the use of diapers, as they are more convenient, and they do not ingest to spend time washing fabric nappies. Also, as babies become more active, and nappies are a more palmy and hygienic alternative to cloth nappies. However currently the majority of the sales is restricted to customers in urban India. So the penetration rate of disposable diapers has been increasing, as more young parents are finding it convenient to displacement from cloth nappies to disposable nappies.Sales of disposable pants remained negligible in India in 2009. Procter Gamble Hygiene Health Care Ltd introduced Pampers Magic Nickers and Uni-Charm bay window entered India with its brand of Mamy Poko knickerbockers. Disposable pants have seen an increase in bodily process from the leading brands, but sales have still not become signifi buttt.The main factors that inhibit the growth of this family line are as follows ethnic factors Diapers are a comparatively new concept in India. Indian parents use Diaper only for the sake of convenience during travel.Price When launched, diapers were harmd at just about Rs. 15 per piece which is senior high school priced. The average prices in last few years have dropped to Rs 10 per piece but its still very appeally for everyday usage.Other Trends Potty training in India is at around both to two and a half years average. With that taking place at such a young age, the use of diapers is even lower for Indian babies.Also with the easy availability of moth-eaten domestic help in India, it is convenient for Indian mothers to wash and employ cloth nappies.Some of t he important facts and figures are shown as followsMarketing preyThe penetration of disposable diapers has been increasing, as parents are finding it suitable to sack from cloth nappies to disposable nappies. With the market offering a variety of products crossways several price ranges, use of disposable diapers is stocked to grow.Today young mothers are more sensitive about hygiene and health. They result quickly utilize disposable nappies from an earlier age. Also, some(prenominal) young working mothers lead want to habituate their children to wearing disposable diapers, and thus allow for come out of the closet using them early.The forecast of sell sales of Diapers shows strong growth figures, in two digits. And with more consumers shifting from traditional cloth nappies to disposable diapers, the category is expect to burgeon in the coming years.Godrej Consumer Products Limiteds main brand under Tissues and Hygiene category, Snuggy ironical has witnessed several chan ges in ownership in the Indian market. The joint venture amidst Godrej Consumer Products limited and SCA Hygiene Products which manufactured and distributed Snuggy modify discontinued. This led to SCA Hygienes exit from India.The brand Snuggy alter, which was the tercet largest disposable diapers brand in 2009, is now universe marketed and distributed by Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. Over the years, the diaper market in India has been dominated by existing players Kimberley Clark and Procter and Gamble as can been seen in the graph below.Godrej is moving strong in FMCG sector currently stand up second to HUL and beingnessness fiercely competitive to HUL. Although Hindustan Unilever enjoys market drawing cardship in several segments in India, it is slowly losing its ground to Godrej, which has relatively competitively priced products. Moreover, make headway margins of Godrej products are significantly higher than those of HULs. found on this background, the merchandise qua rry is to capitalize on the above mentioned conditions and increase the market cope of Snuggy run dry diapers from the current 8% level to 10% in short term and substantially continue gaining higher market share.5Cs Situation AnalysisGodrej beau mondeGodrej Consumer Products (GCPL) is deals in manufacturing, marketing, and distributing fast moving consumer wakelesss. The familiarity offers various products such as soaps, toiletries, cosmetics, hair bang, household care, fabric care and tyke care products. It also markets products under Cinthol, Fairglow, Godrej No 1, Nupur and Ezee brand titles. The go with primarily operates in India and some overseas market. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India.The smart set recorded revenues of INR13,929.7 one thousand thousand ($303.9 one thousand zillion) in the fiscal year ended March 2009 (FY2009), an increase of 26.3% over FY2008. The social clubs operating put on was INR1,881.6 million ($41.1 million) in FY2009, a decrease of 4.8% compared to FY2008. Its net profit was INR1,732.5 million ($37.8 million) in FY2009, an increase of 8.8% over FY2008. (Source EuroMoniter)In Diaper segment, Godrej Products Ltd offers Snuggy Dry. This has around 10% market share accounting for the third position in Indian Diaper market. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd regained share in 2009, as the joint venture between Godrej Sara Lee and SCA Hygiene (Godrej SCA Hygiene Ltd) was discontinued. The brand Snuggy Dry is now being marketed and distributed by Godrej Consumer Products Ltd exclusively.The company has five factories in India, at Baddi, Guwahati, Katha, Malanpur and Sikkim. A go bad from Snuggy Dry, all the other products of GCPL are produced in-country. Snuggy Dry was part of the Godrej SCA Hygiene Ltd joint venture, which was trade into India, and after the discontinuance of the joint venture, the brand was distributed by GCPL.CompetitionHuggies (by Kimberly-Clark) is the leader in the Indian market with a value share if 60 % share.Pampers from Procter and Gamble Hygiene and Health Care Ltd. is at number 2 spot followed by Snuggy from Godrej Consumer products Ltd. Wipro Ltd and BellePremier Happy HygieneCare Pvt. Ltd. also have their own brands competing for the market share.Huggies and Pampers controlled 84% of the market in 2009 according to a Euro monitor external report. These brands have invested heavily in advertizing and hence have a dominating market share.Kimberly Clark launched a new product called Huggies New Born in 2009, which was diaper targeted towards new mothers. The product has been a correct success as penetration of disposable diapers remains low in India, with mothers oft using cloth nappies for young boys.New brand Mamy Poko Pants has been using extensive television advertizement, with its advertisings highlighting the comfort of the products and the ease with which they can be put on a child. In a market in which the leading players advertise a great deal through televi sion, these advertisements leave alone help it to increase its brand presence.It can be said that the products struggle against each other based on the price. Teddy and Wipro are considered as economy brands. Pampers, Huggies and Snuggy have price points in all three price segments. Disposable pants have a more indemnity price point indoors diapersPantaloon Retail India Ltd entered this category with the launch of its brand Caremate in 2009. Other private labels have not yet emerged in India.Diapers/Pants Retail Company Shares 2005-2009CustomersWith the increasing income levels in India, parents are spending more on purchasing disposable diapers instead of reusing cloth nappies at home. In addition, awareness is increasing through the media about the different brands and the benefits of using disposable diapers over cloth versions, manufacturers saw an increase in value sales. Even in milder towns and cities, parents are willing to spend money on disposable diapers to use when the fumble is taken out of the home, for added convenience.This has made Indias nascent baby care market transforming into worlds fastest growing baby market. A vast community of population in age group 0-4 years is a boon to the market. Aggressive marketing strategies and consumer acceptance of branded premium baby care products (especially in baby food and pare down care segments) will enable the industry to register a CAGR of more than 11% during 2010-2013.The major market players have employ television based advertising to their full advantage and have raised the awareness of babe care. With the increase awareness and increasing purchasing power, customers are fast shifting from cloth nappies to baby diapers. The Decision makers in this market are parents with mother being the dominant decision maker.The market has use extensive retail carry with super markets, traditional grocery stores etc. This use of extensive take has also resulted in the increasing demand.The rapid development of modern retail infrastructure is luring consumers for convenient shopping experience and transforming into high retail spending. Baby care companies are optimally utilizing this trend and executing strong product positioning strategies to maximize their market returnsAccording to recent inquiry, the Indian baby care market has grown substantially over the past few years and caught the attention of international players. However, in that respect is still a relatively large and untapped market in the rural sector. This market is pass judgment to witness concrete market developments which will also give purport to the baby care market.Collaborators or so diaper brands in India are import and so is the case with Snuggy. The production for Snuggy is carried out by a Chinese manufacturer.BroadVision, Inc. announced that Godrej crowd of India has successfully implemented two new sales portals for its business and consumer channels.The new portals, built using BroadVision s multi-channel sales portal and issue solution, have streamlined and enhanced customer service for two Godrej Group subsidiaries-Godrej Industries Limited (GIL), which provides industrial supplies to businesses, and Godrej Consumer Products Limited, a manufacturer of consumer productsAccording to the companys analyst and investor happen upon report, rural distribution is essential for a sound growth. In 2009, collide with in rural areas has increased by 40-50% in terms of small towns and villages. Rural now measures about quarter of GCPLs sales. It accounts for 45% of the growth. Going in advance it is expected to be a continuous growth needr.Context hearty/CulturalIn general, in India the diaper is met with resistance. And diapers are perceived as status symbols.One of the major concerns of diapers is rash it stupefys. Indians are not free of rash and insist that the baby move around bare bottomed. engine roomCompanies are heavily investing for bringing about innovations in this field. They are offering new products to boost consumer confidence and increase their market shares. Huggies Dry Diaper currently available in India is particularly designed for new users in new markets. The product employs high technology super thirsty materials (SAM) to de costr super dryness to the user which results in dry and anicteric skin. SAM can absorb up to 100 times its weight. Also high leg cut design is one more innovation for hot climate from Kimberly- Clarke.It is a capital intensive industry and is associated with high costs. This is one of the major reasons why Godrej diapers are not manufactured in India but imported from China.SWOT Analysis(S)trengthsGodrej brand name is an asset, rise known to Indian consumerLeveraging on the distribution channel by using Operation Big C. embody benefit obtained by product import from china(W)eaknessesLack of marketing focus coupled with moderate success of Snuggy Happy Baby contest.Unavailability of RD facilities(O)ppor tunitiesStrong Market harvest-feast expected at 16%Growing disposable income of Indian parents ( twain parents working)Increasing hygiene and health awareness of preferring diapers over clothes.(T)hreatsPresence of many competitors in the marketNewer indigenous brand targeting the economic segment of the marketMarketing StrategiesThe below graph shows the number of new born(p) babies born per inhabitants, though the number of new-born babies are decreasing but still the market is huge. Diaper is competing with the traditional way of using Clothes which has the advantages of reuse, inexpensive and to a certain extent healthier for the babies. Healthier in the sense, diapers utilize to cause rashes while clothes didnt. Diapers have the advantage of convenience and cleanliness.In order to increase the market share for Godrej diapers we intend to implement a forward-moving marketing outline. In terms of marketing we intend that our name and products are marketed on an extensive ba sis to ensure that customers are aware of our existence. In price, we intend to offer reasonable and competitive prices in comparison to other competitors and we need to be able to sustain that.Segmentation ProfilesDividing a market in to distinct groups of buyers with different needs, characteristics, or behaviour who might quest separate product or marketing sashayes.We can segment the market for the diaper market based on the disposable income of the parents. Regular use of disposable diapers remains more restricted to parents in urban India. Based on the stage of the new-born baby , the number of diaper to be used per month can be found Godrej should launch the diaper in three segments Premature when the baby is slight than 6 months , New born when the baby is less than 2 year and Mini jampack when the baby is 2-4 year.We can segment the market based on the Tier-1, Tier-2 cities. The disposable income of the parents has been increasing not fair(a) in Metro cities but also i n tier-1 and tier-2 cities as well.But we find that number of working mother is less in these cities when compared to metropolitan cities. So the diaper usage will be less when compared to metropolitan cities. So we need to use a bid marketing strategy for this segment of population without altering the pricing mix. guide SegmentDemographic DistributionAGE GROUPSPERSONSMALESFEMALES6 years and to a lower place163,819,61484,999,20378,820,411RURAL-urban POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONPOPULATIONPERCENTAGERURAL742,490,63972.2URBAN286,119,68927.8 role of Children below 6yrs to total rural/urban populationRURALURBANNumber of children(0-6 yrs)117,950,12245869491Percentage of Population15.816The target market will obviously be mothers to be and current mothers. Indians are not used to this product. This category is concentrated on urban market. The Indian mother is a cost-conscious woman and would like to recycle most of the products used for her household. The same applies to the products used fo r her baby too.Moreover, large population base in 0-4 years and parents increasing preference to spend more on baby products will drive the market to new horizons in near future.Apart from penetrating dim into urban market, rural market will also provide growth opportunities to companies.Indian demographic distribution shows that 72 percent of the population pop off in rural areas while the rest 28 percent live in urban or semi-urban areas. Out of the total population mix both in rural and urban areas around 15 -16% population is below 6 years which form the potential market share for the diaper market. With the average purchasing power of the Indian population increasing and the with increased hygiene awareness the rural market is the market of the future.When the purchasing power parity reaches threshold, India will be the largest customer of diapers deep down the beside 15 years which and is expected to explode in next 3 to 5 years. It has been found that with the present bi rth rate 24 million babies are born in India every year. If we typically calculate 25% of these infants in the period birth and 24 months use at least 28 diapers a week, theoretically the available market is 8.7 billion pieces per year. It is estimated that the diaper market would grow at a rate of around 5-10%.This proposed market segmentation will help build strong position in specialized diaper market segments. It will allows Godrej to focus on target customer specific needs. It will help them to understand the customer need and make improvement in marketing mix for each segment. It will help Godrej to compete with Huggies and Pamper brand diapers.The TV and print media can reach the diaper buyers. These two media forms the potential to create the brand awareness among the buyers through various advertisements and promotional campaigns.PositioningThe Godrej diaper should be positioned as a value-for-money brand, one thatReasonably pricedSoftnessEase of useComfortable, good fitMa nufactured with bacteria resistant technology, with clean and highly sorbefacient cotton lapEnvironment friendlyNo irritation to the skinQuicker AbsorptionSuper Absorbent core keeping the baby dry for long hoursIt should be positioned as a product which is a Small package of joyMarketing MixProduct figure of speechDisposable diaper is made of an absorbent plump sandwiched between two sheets of fabric. The diapers are made by a multi-step process, viz.The absorbent drift is made and attached to a permeable top sheet and imperviable bottom sheetThe other accessories are then sealed unitedly by application of heat or ultrasonic vibrations.FeaturesThe function of the pad is to absorb and retain physical structure fluids, and the non-woven fabric gives the diaper a homely shape and prevents leakage. The main features of diapers would includeAbsorb body fluid.Retain body fluid inside the absorbent core.Isolate wetness from the babys skin.Isolate other liquidation from babys enviro nment (clothes, bed, etc).VarietiesThe following major varieties of diapers and tissue hygiene products are preponderantly present in the Indian marketRegular diapersNew born nappiesDisposable pantsAdult diapersJunior diapersGodrej primarily focuses on repair diapers, junior diapers and new born nappies. The company markets a narrow portfolio of products within retail tissue and hygiene. It has only two brands, Snuggy Dry and Protekt, but there are some variations in terms of fragrances under the Protekt brand umbrella.Most of the diaper brands continue to be imported, including Snuggy. Godrej is currently outsourcing its diapers from a Chinese company and will continue to do so until the volumes pick up.PriceGodrej has positioned its brands Snuggy Dry and Protekt in the standard price segment in the market. A regular Godrej diaper pack of 6 costs Rs. 50. Currently, the Snuggy brand of diapers has a retail price of Rs 85 for a pack of 10. Smaller pack sizes have also been introduce d and there are more product innovations being considered within the diaper category in the area of nappy pads much on the same lines of its competitor Huggies from Kimberly Clark, which has also introduced nappy pads. However, the current prices are a result of 2% price hike in March 2010, by Godrej.In the retail tissue and hygiene market in India, Godrej diapers held just above 2% value share and were ranked 6 in 2009. Within diapers/pants, the company held a share of 8%, and was in third position after Procter Gamble Hygiene Health Care Ltd and Kimberly-Clark Lever Ltd.PromotionBeing the first brand of diapers in the country, Snuggy enjoys high-brand loyalty as one of the three leading players in the Indian baby diaper market. Godrej benefits from the brand loyalty which Snuggy commands in the consumers mind.The following table shows the ranking of nappies and hygiene products in the sales of Godrej in 2009.AdvertisingDiaper ads typically are earnest, fawning over babies and remaining steadfastly euphemistic about function, typically pouring blue liquid into diapers to demonstrate absorbency.The major two brands focus on heavy marketing and advertisement in mass media and television. This has led them to capture around 90% of the market share.A commercial highborn SNUGGY HAPPY BABY CONTEST was done by Madison Media advertising agency for GODREJ diapers. The campaign was moderately successful and helped Godrej to keep its 10% market share.PlaceThe company has national coverage through wide marketing and distribution channels. Supermarkets and malls, especially hulking BAZAR and Reliance Fresh have considerable self coverage of Godrej Diapers, though majority of the hygiene ledge space is still taken up by the two major players.ChannelsOTC Sales Godrej intends to push various OTC (over-the-counter) products and brands and the aboriginal inclusion in this category is Snuggy diapers. It feels that coupled with a consumer pull strategy through the marketi ng campaign SNUGGY HAPPY BABY CONTEST, this aggressive head teacher push strategy will help it to gain sales.Operation BIG C Godrej looks at revamping distribution network and re-staging of brands. As a part of Operation BIG C, it intends to use the Chemist network in the country as a retail outlet for Snuggy diapers. The chemist margin for Godrej Diaper sales has consequently been kept higher. Following the success of Operation B, which refer the saloons of the country for Godrej Beauty product outlets, Godrej hopes to achieve as high as 20% market share through Operation BIG C. monetary ProjectionsThe baby diaper market in India is fairly underdeveloped and is approximately Rs 4479.8 million.Source Official statistics, Euromonitor International estimates, trade associations, trade press, company research etc.The overall growth of the market is projected to be around 15% per annum.Source Official statistics, Euromonitor International estimates, trade associations, trade press, co mpany research etc.The current share of Godrej diapers under the brand name of Snuggy diaper is approx 8% of the overall share. That means the market share of Snuggy diaper is approximately Rs 371 million.Source Official statistics, Euromonitor International estimates, trade associations, trade press, company research etc.Diapers/Pants Retail Company Shares 2005-2009Financial projections of Snuggy diaperSelling 7.5 million units of diaper at Rs 6 each will achieve the marketing objective of godrej Snuggy diaper. To achieve targeted revenue, Godrej diaper needs to have revenue of INR 126 million (as give in above table, point 15). With the potential price and sale of the diapers in a quarter Godrej can expect to generate revenue of Rs 135 million (point 9 mentioned in given table above).As per the financial projections annual revenue of Snuggy diaper is Rs 371 million in 2009 which will grow to approx Rs 504 million in 2010 which comes to around 35 % growth in revenue. figure Analy sis and ImplementationIn pile with the financial projections, please find the below budget analysisParticularsCostCommentsGross Profit1.2 INR per diaperProfit from sale of one diaperQuarterly sales targets23 MillionQuarterly sales expectedQuarterly profit27 Million INROverall profitBudget AllocationAdvertisement10 million INRBudget allocation from advertisement and awareness spreadingCollaborators margin7 Million INRRetailers need to be given additional margins to promote Snuggy DiaperImplementationAs the sales volume starts increasing, Godrej can open up the manufacturing unit at one of its already existing factory unit locations. Below is the approximate cost of building up the net manufacturing unit.ParticularsCost (INR in crore)CommentsLand Required(1200 sq mt)0.6Rs 5000 per sq/mtBuilding0.5Rs 5000 per sq/mtTotal Plant and Machinery for diapers3.5Industry average founding of Electricity0.015130 KVA transformerOther preliminary expenses0.05Total Expenditure5approximatelyThe bran d Snuggy is distributed by GCPL and currently not manufactured locally. The company is well positioned in diapers/pants in India, which is seeing an increase receivable to more Indian parents using diapers for their babies. Experts believe that since Snuggy is imported into India after the discontinuation of the joint venture with SCA Hygiene Ltd, there is a strong case to save costs by manufacturing the product locally.Available in pack sizes of 2s, 5s and 10s, for all age groups including new born, standard and junior, the brand can be affordably priced alongside mainstream brands, and supported by aggressive advertising.GCPL requires not just building distribution and trade relations in the fragmented retail landscape, but also investment in terms of advertising and promotions. The revenue flummox will be on the lines of Operation Big B, with chemist shops being offered higher margins.

Causes of the English Civil War :: essays research papers

The civil struggle broke out in 1642, and was a war that is within a country, it has many reasons for happening. This essay will exempt and categorise the main causes fop the civil war. I will start by listing the genres of events.In the 1640s might and politics were vital for social standard and anyone with power was important and value so natur all(prenominal)y and event such as the civil war would have had politics as one of the main issues for happening. Charles becoming power was obviously a cause because it was his decisions that influenced the war itself and him who raised(a) the flag. Also in 1629 Charles decided to close down fantan because he felt they were exerting alike much power than they should, also it almost seems as if Charles is afraid of sevens or jealous because he notices that he is entitled to the divine veracious of kings and seeing parliament using all this power make him feel as if he was less and not as important. This was then followed by the el even years of tyranny which ended in 1640 when he recalled parliament due to shortage of money and mistakes he had made. An interesting decision Charles made was to marry Henrietta a foreign royal, some people would have verbalise this was purely religiously influenced because she was a catholic and people feared he hook up with her because his desire was to make England catholic. Others have said that it was a power set choice because he wanted to unite the two countries and gain much power. There are other more religious based events such as when Charles ordered Henry Laud to make a newfangled prayer book which was to be skim around the England. This caused an outrage betwixt his people who could now no longer trust him. As if this wasnt enough he then ordered the book to be read in Scotland this was in 1637 and was possibly one of his worst choices, this was because at the succession Scots were angry that Charles hadnt turned protestant because he was raised as protestant and on top of that they were extremely insulted that Charles would even for a second believe that they would accept this book. This then resulted in rampage and frenzy so the book was taken away.The saying money is the root of all evil applies strongly in the making of the civil war.

What is Art by Clutton Brock :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

What is Art by Clutton BrockThe essay what is device is taken form the volume essays on life byclutton brock and was premier(prenominal) published in the form of an nontextual mattericle in thetimes literary supple manpowert of january 1924.everyone now is thinking or talking somewhat the character of prowess andaesthetic experience .clutton-brock begins his essay by stating thepopular put in of discussion.This subject the nature of art and of beauty is simultaneouslyconfusing as well as thrilling .the problem about the nature of artand aesthetic sense is so confusing that it is hard to pin backsheesh whatthe actual problem really is. The only thing clear about it is that itis novel and new. Art, in the past was always considered inferior towhat it reflected. Tolstoy in his parole what is art? ,even thoughhe himself saw the importance of art rock-bottom art to an absurdity andvalued it in terns of other things and not for it self. That art hadnot the right to exist for itsel f ,that it should be judged and valuednot for itself moreover for other subsidary effects whether political,social, or moral. Such a pattern reduces art to nothing and thisconception is the opposite of what art truly is.Shelly in his work defense of poetry considered art to be judged bythe honourable and intellectual benefits it showered upon mankind. Jonsonspoke uncompromisingly on the nature of art. Dr jonson regretted the blemish of a proposed epic by dryden because it led to the deprivation ofthe social and moral sophistry of mankind .what jonson meant wasthat arts function was to socially improve and morally rectify theviewer ,reader or observor of the work of art. Clutton brock opposesthis view and says on the unregenerate if a pieceof art is lost today itsloss would be mourned not for the values it could or would impart butrather it would be mourned for the loss of art itself.However jonson thought as he did of art because he already had preconceived otions about art an d had not examined art carefully to devourthe nature of it. If jonson had done so ,he would have seen that artin justness is never valued for moral or ethical or ethnic values butfor itself. For Jonson himself would not have read poetry for the utter objects . had he doen so then it would have no longer beenpoetry. ever so since art evolved man has valued art for itself ,without actuallyknowing it,for men still look for reasons as to why they should value

Truth of the Myths of Nature :: Philosophy Nature Papers

honor of the Myths of NatureThe term nature myths designates narratives presenting what-is as intelligible in hurt of value and meaning. Such narratives function to motivate ecological activism by articulating such(prenominal) presuppositions as the conviction that what we do matters, destruction of nature is intrinsic on the wholey wrong, and the hap of nondestructive human beings. However, such narratives motivate only if they are regarded in close to intellect as true. The question is, in what sense? Not in an objectivist sense (e.g. von Ranke), since value-even if intrinsic-is a subject related reality. Not in an escapist sense (e.g. Cassirer), since they respect the autonomy of reality. Nor in a depth sense of expressing an alleged essential condition of guilt (e.g. Heidegger and Patocka), since this would remain a confident(p) description, albeit one level removed. Instead, I propose treating nature myths as orienting the world (e.g. Jaspers) and guiding human component s therein. As such, nature myths can be said to be true (as in Ricoeurs adamic myth) or imitative (as in the myth of Man the Master) inasmuch as they provide or fail to provide adequate guidance for sustainable coexistence with all of the Earth. The draw a bead on of this paper is to ask in what sense, if any, ecological nature myths can be said to be not only ennobling and moving, but excessively in some significant sense true, able to claim a validity independent of the assent of those who tell and hear them.I inclination to use the term myth rather broadly to indicate not only the alleged spontaneous outpourings from the depth of our psyche, dear to romantically incline philosophers and psychologists, but rather all narratives which describe the cosmos and the place of mankind therein in terms of relations of value and meaning rather than in terms of mathematico-causal relations in spacetime. (1) In the quaint spoken language of Husserls Ideen II, they are ainistic narra tives, rendering reality intelligible in terms of personal that is, intrinsically subject-related categories. (2)Such narratives in fact play a essential role in the effort to forge a sustainable trend of coexistence between humans and the rest of the creation. Humans may select the convey for dealing with ecological damage in the light of natural scientific analysis but they are moved to deal with it at all by mythico-poetic articulation rather than by theoretical reconstruction of their lived experience. thence Rachel Carson, rigorous analytical chemist, moved her fellow humans by evoking their empathy by value laden poetic imagery.